Epistemology can be defined as the philosophy of
knowledge, or the study of knowledge. Epistemology,
thus, is also referred to as the theory of knowledge.

Case study is close examination of an event or phenomenon in its context in a given time-period. Ethnography is a research design where a researcher analyzes common behaviors, language, and action models of an intact culture within their natural environment during a long time-span. Narrative inquiry is a qualitative research design where written documents or conversations are interpreted about an event or a course of events that are chronologically related. Phenomenology is a research design to study participants’ experiences about a phenomenon they define. Grounded theory is a qualitative research design aiming to find out a general abstract theory about a process, action, or interaction grounded in participants’ standpoint. The correct answer is C.

Theories can be used to develop research studies.

case study is the most
widely employed design in IR, and this is an
increasing tendency in the field. The efforts to
figure out complex social events or phenomena
can be taken as the reason for this inclination.
A simplified definition of case study could be
the attempt to seek answers to “how?” or “why?”
concerning a current case of interest

The final step of a qualitative research process is reporting, which includes the following sections: theoretical background, method, findings, and results. In reporting step, 'selecting participants' must have already completed. Therefore, the answe is E.

A scientific research process involves 1) problem identification, 2) data collection, 3) data analysis, 4) interpretation, and 5) report writing. All these stages are relevant parts of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method research efforts.

Issues regarding metaphysical events, philosophy, theology, and astrology are not suitable to form research problems in a scientific sense as they cannot be examined in empirical studies. Issues in psychology, however, can be empirically studied.

The Convergent Design: This design aims to integrate the results obtained
from both qualitative and quantitative data analyses. Researchers adopting this design collect both qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously. In other words, collection of neither qualitative nor quantitative data is prioritized.

he research process is built in a mixed research
method. These designs include The Convergent
Design, The Explanatory Sequential Design, The
Exploratory Sequential Design, The Intervention
Design, The Social Justice Design, and The Multistage
Evaluation Design (Creswell, 2015).

Grounded theory is a design mostly employed to develop a theory that would explain processes, actions, and interactions among people. In grounded theory, the researcher strives to explore social processes, behavioral patterns, and acceptance among participants, and the meanings they form. The correct answer is D. 

While ontology is interested in the questions related to the apple’s existence, epistemology is interested in how we gain our knowledge of an apple. For example, how is it that we know that there is a thing called apple, and it is edible, and it has a taste, the taste can be sweet or sour, it has a particular material structure, it is juicy, it is smelly, and our knowledge that apple has health benefits, and what those benefits are and so on. The correct answer is A. 

Mixed method is a research approach where both quantitative and qualitative data sets are gathered and integrated so as to find answers to research questions. Mixed method approach accommodates philosophical assumptions of both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The correct answer is A. 

Interview is a data collection technique that enables a researcher to gather data that observation and questionnaire techniques cannot unravel and to examine participants’ feelings, opinions, perceptions, and attitudes. The correct answer is E.

A research problem has to be compatible with empirical studies, which is the criterion to distinguish what is scientific from what is not. Therefore, issues regarding metaphysical events, philosophy, theology, and astrology are not suitable to form research problems in a scientific sense as they cannot be examined in empirical studies.

The problems and controversial issues related to the topic should be discussed.

Narrative reviews are typically found in theses, dissertations, grant and research proposals, and research articles. In such reviews, the author selects relevant past research and synthesizes it into a coherent discussion. Narrative reviews typically are somewhat broad in focus compared to other kinds of literature reviews, discussing methodologies, findings, and limitations in the existing body of work.

-Research studies contain two types of populations: target population and
accessible population. Target population is the one that is almost impossible to reach out.

-It is only the accessible population that is defined in the scientific reports of research studies, and it is referred as research population.

When over time, an individual or a group comes up with superior ideas and their ideas begin dominating, paradigm shift (PS) takes place as the previously accepted theory is replaced by a new theory. The correct answer is C. 

Similar to quantitative research, identifying the research problem is the very first step of a qualitative research process. Literature, researcher’s personal and professional experience, and social issues discussed in the field bear a crucial role in terms of identifying the research problem. Literature review includes reading and learning about theories, research studies, and documents, which eases problem identification. The correct answer is D. 

A concept that refers to propositions or knowledge that comes from sense experience,
or they are available after the experience.