Common descriptive analysis techniques often employed in quantitative research include frequency, percentage, arithmetic mean, weighted mean, mode, median, range, and standard deviation. The correct answer is B. 

Qualitative research strives to build up a theory by investigating and understanding social phenomena in their natural environments. During a qualitative research process, researchers focus on people’s behaviors, actions, and interactions. Research process aims to comprehensively understand human behaviors in their natural environments, which requires the researcher be flexible, re-arrange the research process in accordance with obtained data, adopt interpretive approach, and conduct data analysis through an inductive approach.

Unlike quantitative research, qualitative research is not composed of structured processes that a researcher can follow. Thus, a well-defined starting point or rigid procedures that a researcher should follow are not among the properties of a qualitative research process. Rather, it entails a flexible approach, and the research process can be re-arranged depending on circumstances emerging during the research process. Yet, during the planning stage, researchers should

1) form a theoretical framework as the foundational basis,

2) determine a systematic, manageable, and flexible research design, and,

3) turn the research into a meaningful, consistent, and reader-friendly report.

"To maintain repeating previous studies that have ben completed before" cannot be among the purposes of a literature search since the researcher is supposed to produce an original work. Therefore, the answer is A.

Despite its many advantages, documents do not provide first-hand experience of event as they are written, visual or vocal sources of research. The correct answer is C. 

A is case study, B is grounded theory, C is narrative inquiry, E is ethnography. 

Testing should try to falsify all possible hypotheses rather than
trying to confirm them, and eventually try to
falsify the theory itself. This view was offered by
Karl Popper in the 20th century, and is known as
falsificationism (Popper, 1965).

Ethnography is a design rooted in social research tradition, and it analyzes the routines regulating daily lives of individuals that form a social group from those individuals’ point of views. As usual, the researcher should first decide if ethnography is the most appropriate design to examine her/his research question during the planning stage. Ethnography design would be the right choice if the research aim is to explore the principles that regulate daily routines such as language, religion, tradition, power relations, and sovereignty of a specific cultural group. The correct answer is B. 

Inductivism.

Ethnography researcher enters in the natural environment where the group lives and participates in daily routines together with the members of that culture during a time labeled as fieldwork. Sharing the same culture with the members, researchers conduct studies where they interact with others for a considerable amount of time with minimum intervention in order to develop noticeable study models.

* Abbreviations such as QUAN and QUAL indicate that either a quantitative or a qualitative method is dominant and prioritized in that mixed method research. If these two approaches are evenly employed within a mixed method research, then both of the upper-case initials are included.

* Lower case initials such as Quan and Qual represent the less dominant or recessive approach. 

* Plus (+) points out the integration of collected data, and it is also used to mark quantitative and qualitative data sets are collected simultaneously.

* Arrow “›” shows that data is collected consecutively. When this symbol is used, the researcher bases the approach (e.g. qualitative) s/he will utilize in the second stage onto the one in the first stage (e.g. quantitative).

*  Parentheses “( )” mean that there will be an addition to some parts of the research, and square brackets “[ ]” symbolize that another independent study has been embedded into the current research.

It is possible to deduce that a scientific research process involves 1) problem identification, 2) data collection, 3) data analysis, 4) interpretation, and 5) report writing. All these stages are relevant parts of quantitative, qualitative, and mixed method research efforts. The correct answer is B. 

The term “epistemology” comes from the ancient Greek roots, from “episteme” meaning “knowledge” and from “logos” meaning “the study of.” Thus, epistemology can be defined as the philosophy of knowledge, or the study of knowledge. Epistemology, thus, is also referred to as the theory of knowledge.

Synthesizing the results is the last one of the seven steps a literature review can be performed in. Literature review results may be synthesized expressively. 

One qualitative research design that can be employed in IR is phenomenology, which is rooted in philosophy and psychology and where participants’ experiences about a phenomenon defined by them are described. As obvious by definition, phenomenological research aims to determine individuals’ own perceptions and experiences through their own standpoint. Phenomenology is a research design to study participants’ experiences about a phenomenon they define.

A literature review can be performed in seven steps:

1. Identification of research questions. This step guides the review.
2. Selecting the databases and sources.
   There are numerous bibliographic or article databases, websites, and other resources that can be utilized.
3. Specifying the key terms. Key terms are the words that are used to search and get the related documents.
4. Applying practical screening criteria.
   Literature reviewer can set the criteria to include or exclude the documents from the review among the numerous articles.
5. Applying methodological screening criteria. Methodological criteria incorporate criteria for assessing scientific quality.
6. Doing the review. To ensure the reliability and validity of the literature review, a standardized form should be used for abstracting data from papers. Besides, reviewers should be trained for abstracting the data and pilot testing of the process should be reported.
   1. Synthesizing the results. Literature review results may be synthesized expressively. An uncommon sort of synthesis-a meta- analysis involves the utilization of statistical results of two or more research.

Knowledge  comes from sense experience.

According to Kuhn, paradigm comes prior to
any set of activities or procedures and provides the
practitioners with the current state of knowledge
and practices of a field. A paradigm is defined as a
worldview, or an intellectual or theoretical framework
that provides guidance for the engagement of the
community of scientists with their phenomena of
interest.

Employing documents as a
data collection technique in a qualitative research
may produce the following advantages:
• Variety in data collection
• Aid to other data collection techniques
• Quick access
• Direct focus onto the topic
• Low costs

Employing documents as a data collection technique in a qualitative research may produce the following advantages:

• Variety in data collection
• Aid to other data collection techniques
• Quick access
• Direct focus onto the topic
• Low costs

The correct answer is B.