An indispensable principle of ethnographic studies is “the reflection of social life as it is experienced by the members of that group”. The correct answer is E.

Case study is the most widely employed design in IR, and this is an increasing tendency in the field. The efforts to figure out complex social events or phenomena can be taken as the reason for this inclination. A simplified definition of case study could be the attempt to seek answers to “how?” or “why?” concerning a current case of interest. Case study refers to examination of a case in real life (context) when the boundaries between an event and its context are obscure.

Literature can be defined as published study such as articles, books, dissertations, research reports, etc. Social scientists define literature as the “published scholarship”. The term literature review is referred as “the process of reading and reviewing published scholarship in the field.” It empowers us to perceive how new investigations and research are fairly similar to building squares, which are laid upon the thoughts worked by others.

In primary sources, the person presenting the data is actually present. Original written works such as poems, diaries, court records, interviews, surveys and original research/fieldwork and research published in scholarly journals are some examples of primary sources.

There are four types of literature review: narrative literature review, systematic literature review, meta-analysis, focused literature review. A literature review is considered to be a research methodology in its own right when it is carried out systematically. In systematic reviews, a strict methodology is followed in literature selection. While selecting the literature, including or excluding criteria are transparent. Systematic reviews are convenient when the reviewer aims to illuminate the existing literature and its potential implications.

Past experiences of professionals can be a strong inspiration for researchers.

Sensitivity to natural environment refers to the condition that the focal phenomenon/phenomena or event(s) of a qualitative research has/have to be examined in their natural environment, or context. This specifically means that any phenomenon or event studied via qualitative research can never be manipulated. The correct answer is B.

Positivism

In intervention analysis design, the dependent variable is subjected to pretest and post-test procedures prior to testing the independent variable experimentally.

The supposition made on the relationship between the dependent and independent variables is called as hypotheses.

There are three components in narrative inquiry: temporal context, social context, and space. These components may help deepen the understanding of a specific story; in the meantime, they are also regarded as the common parts of all stories. In this sense, personal experiences of the shapers in a story and their interactions with others constitute character dimension. Temporal context of a story, or time frame (past-present-future), builds the time dimension, and the physical environment where a story takes place forms place dimension. The correct answer is B. 

A good literature review should have the following characteristics:

• The problems and controversial issues related to the topic should be discussed.
• The potential content that have not been
  covered in the literature review should be
  explained with its reasons clearly.
• The literature review should concentrate on latest documents since they are likely the
  most pertinent.
• The literature review should be long enough
  to persuade the reader that the literature
  was read extensively.
• The gaps in the current literature should be
  revealed in the literature review.
• The literature review should be more than a list of past studies. Rather, it should give the reader a sense of what has been more significant and less significant. In other words, the works cited in the literature
  review should be critically evaluated.
• Overall, the literature review should be
  presented chronologically.
• The literature review can ignore the studies
  from different disciplines than your immediate discipline.
• The literature review should explain the readers how your work might contribute to the existing scholarly literature and future research.

This design aims to integrate the results obtained from both qualitative and quantitative data analyses. Researchers adopting this design collect both qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously. In other words, collection of neither qualitative nor quantitative data is prioritized. Data is collected and analyzed separately. Later, the results produced after data analyses are combined. So, the researcher can check whether quantitative and qualitative results confirm each other.

Internet materials can be ranked from unreliable to very reliable depending on their sources and the quality of their publication processes. A good researcher distinguishes the most effective types of sources from the others. Peer-reviewed sources are regarded as the strongest, implying that the published paper has been reviewed by authorities in their fields and appreciated for the quality of the methods adopted in the paper. Thus, the literature reviewer should be careful about the sources they prefer. In this sense, websites of an individual, who is not an expert on the issue can be considered as an unreliable source.

E is related to Empiricism.

The other type is the experience of the reflections, which is the internal experience. The internal experience (reflection) happens as we reflect on the data (or the ideas) we gained from our sense experiences. For example, we can come up with an idea of a “unicorn” even though we have not experienced one (which does not exist), through combining our idea of a horse with our idea of a rhinoceros (an animal with a single horn).

Organization of the Literature defines the process of finding the relevant literature, reading them, and writing up the literature. Therefore, the correct answer is B.

Rationalism defends the idea that knowledge that is obtained through the senses lack certainty, because senses often deceive us; for example, a stick put in water seems to us as if it is bend, even though in reality it is not bend. Further, the knowledge gained from sense experience is based on inductive inference, which is a generalization that is based on our past experiences. That is, our knowledge is induced form particular experiences we have had in the past, and because the future does not have to resemble the past these generalizations are not trust worthy.are Thus, our knowledge based on sense experiences can only give us probabilistic knowledge, which could or could not be true in future experiences. In other words, knowledge based on sense experience lacks certainty. The correct answer is E. 

Sources on the Internet are questionable in terms of reliability. The following tips may help you decide the scholarliness of the sources accessed electronically: level of detail, level of discourse, structure, explanation of methodology, footnotes and endnotes, bibliography, and date of publication.