A good research question should be as clear as possible. An ambiguous or vague question is hard to answer and does not contribute much to the scholarship. The correct answer is D. 

a

a

Motivation for a research project should be included in the very beginning of a paper not in the end. The correct answer is E. 

Finding an original and new research problem is the main organizing principle guiding the analysis of your research. It is difficult to choose an interesting topic without doing a preliminary reading in your discipline. Therefore, you should read a lot of topics and discuss the topic then determine the topic that you feel you find yourself better involved and interested in.

Elements of a paragraph. To be as effective as possible, a paragraph should contain each of the
following in order: argument/claim, evidence/proof, and summary. When writing a paragraph you should
bear in mind that a paragraph has three elements including 1) coherence, 2) a topic sentence, and 3)
adequate development (Driscoll and Brizee, 2013). Using and adapting them to your individual purposes
will help you construct effective paragraphs.

a

The word “empirical” refers to knowledge or
understanding that is based on experience in
the world. As in “empirical sciences” which
means science based on experience.

As Reyes (2017) highlighted “Think of
the introduction as a mental road map that must
answer these four questions for the reader:

1. What was I studying?
2. Why was this topic important to investigate?
3. What did we know about this topic before
I did this study?
4. How will this study advance new knowledge or new ways of understanding?

Utilitarianism can refer to “A field of study, concerned with investigating what is good or right and how we should determine this. On this interpretation, ‘social research ethics’ means the study of what researchers ought and ought not to do, and how this should be decided. There are different theoretical frameworks about research ethics. Deontology is an ethical perspective that judges researchers’ actions according to some absolute/universal duties requiring certain types of action. Consequentialism is an ethical perspective that evaluates researchers’ actions according to their consequences. Utilitarianism is an ethical perspective that judges actions of researchers according to which they produce most happiness and/or utility for the participants. Epistemology and aesthetics are not related to research ethics.

c

E

Chemistry

Political sciences, or international relations fields value policy decisions and the changing trends of individuals based on policy making decisions or applications, therefore through a panel study, the researcher can collect data from similar samples at different times.

A virtue is defined as a trait of character which is manifested in the habitual action of a person and believed to be good for the person to have. Virtue ethics, then, refers to a researcher’s possession of certain traits/virtues as part of his/her character/personality such as being kind, generous, courageous, just, and prudent, etc. Indeed, “The essence of virtue ethics is that character is the primary object of ethical appraisal, and actions are judged according to what they tell us about the agent’s character.”

The Convergent Design aims to integrate the results obtained
from both qualitative and quantitative data analyses.
Researchers adopting this design collect both
qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously.

An abstract is a short summary of your completed research. If written well, it makes the reader want to learn more about your research. When writing a structured abstract, consider the following sub-headings:

1. Problem statement: Why do we care about the problem? What practical, scientific, theoretical gap is your research topic filling?
2. Purpose: What is the overall purpose of the study?
3. Method: The basic design of the study. What did you actually do to get your findings/ results?
4. Results/Findings: Major findings found as a result of your analysis. What did you learn/ invent/create?
5. Conclusion/Implications: What is your concluding remark? What are the larger implications of your findings, especially for the problem/gap identified in the research?

Correlational research contradicts with experimental research in the sense that no variable is manipulated in this method. Thus, it is important to say that correlation should not be confused with causal relation, it only provides an existing or nonexisting relationship between variables. Thus, correlation does not necessarily refer to the existence of a causal relationship between the variables. The correct answer is D. 

While a fair discussion of the current literature must be included in the introduction, it is generally considered inappropriate to attack on authors who wrote on the same topic. The correct answer is D. 

In general, Introduction section
of an article should cover: research background,
research problem/problem statement, and research
objective(s)/research question(s).

1. Establish an area to research by:
• Highlighting the importance of the
topic, and/or
• Making general statements about the
topic, and/or
• Presenting an overview on current
research on the subject.

2. Identify a research niche by:
• Opposing an existing assumption, and/or
• Revealing a gap in existing research,
and/or

• Formulating a research question or problem, and/or
• Continuing a disciplinary tradition.

3. Place your research within the research niche by:
• Stating the intent of your study,
• Outlining the key characteristics of your study,
• Describing important results, and
• Giving a brief overview of the structure of the paper