CEVAP:

Before the arrival of colonialism, the direction of African trade followed north-south caravan paths using camels, horses, mules, donkeys, and human portage. The interior cities in West Africa, such as Kumbi Salaaeh, Awdaghost, Timbuktu, Tidjikja and Ghadames, served as hub markets from where goods, such as gold, ivory, gums, animal skin, and cotton, were caravanned up North African ports.