CEVAP:

Since the end of the Second World War, international responsibility of individuals in the criminal field has witnessed remarkable developments. The Nuremberg and Tokyo trials, the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunals for Yugoslavia (1993) and Rwanda (1994), followed by the establishment of International Criminal Court (2002) have established the responsibility of individuals for their criminal acts. However, responsibility of individuals is not limited to criminal responsibility; and an individual’s civil responsibility cannot be ruled out. However, where an individual has committed wrongful acts as a state official, apart from his personal responsibility, the state will also be internationally responsible for its failure to stop those acts. The individual’s wrongful acts may be attributed to the state. So far, however, there has been practically no development on civil responsibility of individuals for breaches of international law.