CEVAP:

Being the primary function of management, planning should be done by all managers. However, the nature of planning changes with the level of management (Table 4.1). High-level managers deal with long-term planning, whereas low-level managers plan for the short term. However, this does not necessarily mean that middle-level managers do not deal with long- or short- term planning, or low-level managers do not deal with medium-term planning. In fact, they do. In that respect, Table 4.1 shows the dominant planning that is held by a particular level of management.