CEVAP:

Alongside with the bilateral or multilateral diplomatic activities, there are also one-sided forms of diplomatic communication such as recall or expulsion of diplomats or suspension of diplomatic relations. The states can recall their diplomats in response to general circumstances or to a particular activity of the host country that dissatisfy their expectations. A head of a diplomatic or a consular mission can be called back to the country of origin for many reasons, but mainly to convey recalling state’s displeasure to the host country. The recall could be just for consultations (which imply that the diplomat might return to hosting country after relatively short period) or for an indefinite period, which could then necessitate further negotiations between the countries to resolve their dispute.The receiving country can also make a formal or informal request to the sending country to recall its diplomat/s. This act is closer to but different than the declaration of a diplomat as persona non grata, which is reserved in general to unauthorized activities of diplomats, such as espionage. More serious disputes in relations between states may result in suspension of diplomatic and/ or consular representation either unilaterally or reciprocally. Duration of the suspension may vary depending on the seriousness of the dispute and/or its resolution, and may take for months or decades.