CEVAP:

First, a singular historical perspective, representing tangible historical records that can stand out as clearer markers of a singular African Civilization, has not been institutionalized. Second, African Civilization is analyzed by scholars from the point of view of material and structural perspectives. Material and structural ways of articulating civilizations underemphasize the essential roles of historical and cultural traditions. Third, Africa, over the centuries, was exposed first to slavery, then to colonialism. Both slavery and colonialism are negative interrelationships of humans.