CEVAP:

We can divide the theories of citizenship into two as described below:

• Normative Theories: These theories set the rights and duties that should ideally be performed by a citizen. They examine the attributes and advantages of a good citizen. The arguments that support this view are based on historical facts. Attributes that are no longer tenable are usually abandoned for the new. For example, the view that good citizenship depends on one’s ability to contribute to his/her country through military service is gradually no longer rational.

• Empirical Theories: These theories explain how citizens came about having those rights and duties associated with citizenship. Empirical theories explore the social, economic, and political processes that have fashioned the emergence of citizenship in different times and places. They also explore the different ways through which different groups of people have been able to access such citizenship. As such, the objectives of empirical theories are to understand how and why citizenship came about as well as to expound the forms of citizenship.