CEVAP:

This essential principle of liberalism, freedom of the individual is based on “negative freedom” which is freedom from arbitrary authority and includes freedom of conscience, a free press, free speech, equality under the law, the right to hold and exchange property. Freedom is also based on rights necessary to protect and promote these circumstances (capacity and opportunities) for freedom, known as “positive freedoms” such as equality of opportunity in education, right to health care services and employment. A third kind of liberal rights is democratic participation or representation. The liberal tradition in time has split in two, laissez faire (conservative) liberalism and social welfare (democracy) liberalism that converge again on four basic institutions. These are juridical equality of citizens, representative democracy (sovereigns representing their electorate), recognition of rights of private property, and limited control of state on economy (forces of supply and demand to determine the economic decisions) (Doyle, 1983, 206-207).