CEVAP:

This view of “citizenship is a membership contract” was shared until the massive immigration era, but has been increasingly questioned after 1990s. the reason for questioning is that citizenship is not only about the enjoyment of rights as a full member of a political community and the performance of obligations; it also confers an identity and feelings of solidarity with other citizens. Citizenship defines who belongs to this political community and who is excluded, who is welcome as a fellow citizen, and who remains an outsider. New social movements, such as the ecological movement and cultural movement, have introduced different layers of rights apart from civil, political, and social rights such as ecological and cultural rights.