CEVAP:

Republican Rome fel down between 55-31 B.C. There was an ongoing civil war in Rome, almost from 90 B.C. Octavius, successor of Caesar, won the war and neutralized the army against the political affairs. Thus pax-Romana, which would take two hundred years, officially started. Octavius was called as the imperator, a title given to the victorious commanders. He based on the power of imperium during his ruling and then gained the title of Augustus, which meant the supreme or  the magnificent. It can be noticed that even the senate still existed; the regime was transformed to a monarchy.

Political question of this new era changed: Who would be the next emperor? The emperors were successors of important families. Although the senate kept its entity and the political regime was called as a diarchy, the emperors were holding the full power. Emperorship was combined with religious features and the emperor started to symbolize the unity of Rome. The politics of empire was not problematized around res publica anymore. The fate of the empire was a universal issue. Emperor Caracalla accepted all free people of the Empire as citizens. Thus the citizenship expanded. Infinity, divinity, universality were the main conceptions of empire.