Non-State Actors (NSA) are social and political collectivities, created by civil societies and/or individuals, which play a role in IR, but lack state sovereignty.

There are different NSAs such as Trans-national or Multinational Corporation
(TNC, MNC), Non-governmental Organization NGO), terrorist group and organizations , international criminal groups, media, etc.

Unit of analysis is the major entity that is being analyzed in a study. It is the ‘what’ or ‘who’ that is being studied.

In social science research, typical units of analysis include individuals, social or private organizations, states (most common), and international organizations, and so forth.

Rosenau and Czempiel
(2002)

State-centrism is a key concept in discussions of sovereignty, justice, and the global political order and of changes within that order.

Global governance is a movement towards political cooperation among transnational actors (states, intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, etc.), aimed at negotiating responses to problems that affect more than one state or region.

The concept of high politics covers all matters that are vital to the very survival of the state: namely national and international security concerns.

Low politics covers other issues such as economics, social, environmental,
and so forth.

Normative issue is concerned with how people should act, what sort of person one should be or what sorts of policies should be implemented.

The term NGO in international relations frequently associates with the term INGO.

 Instead of attempting to define what an NGO is, scholars point out what it is not: “An NGO will not be constituted as a political party; it will be non-profit-making and it will not be a criminal group, in particular, it will be non-violent” (Willetts, 2018).

First, an INGO needs to work in furtherance of the goals and objectives of the UN.

Second, an INGO should allow fair representation by members, establish a headquarters, and employ officers.

Third, an INGO should be a non-profit organization without engaging in business or corporate activities.

Fourth, an INGO should declare it will not rely on any violent measure whatsoever to pursue its goals.

Fifth, an INGO should not act in a way that could be interpreted as an interference with the internal affairs of states.

The INGOs are more concerned about how to make a contribution to the making
of international law whereas national or regional NGOs are often focused on local political issues.

An intergovernmental organization or international governmental organization
(IGO) is an organization composed primarily of sovereign states (referred to as member states), or of other intergovernmental organizations. Intergovernmental organizations are called international organizations, although that term may also include international non-governmental organization such as international nonprofit organizations or multinational corporations.

Under Article 70 of the UN Charter, the NGOs are recognized the following status:“The Economic and Social Council may make arrangements for representatives of the specialized agencies to participate, without vote, in its deliberations and in those of the commissions established by it, and for its representatives to participate in the deliberations of the specialized agencies.

1. The organization shall be concerned with matters falling within the competence of the Economic and Social Council with respect to….. human rights. ….
2. The organization shall be of a representative character and of recognized international standing; it shall represent a substantial proportion, and express the views of major sections, of the population ….. in different regions of the world.

Article 71 of the UN Charter further states: “The Economic and Social Council may make suitable arrangements for consultation with non-governmental organizations which are concerned with matters within its competence.”

To ensure fair representation, 19 members of the Committee in the ECOSOC are elected on the basis of the following scheme:

• 5 members from the African States;
• 4 members from the Asian States;
• 2 members from the Eastern European
States;
• 4 members from the Latin American and
Caribbean States; and
• 4 members from the Western European
and other States

Council of Europe: an international organization that parallels the European
Union. It focuses on democracy, human rights and cultural exchange, and is best known for the European Convention on Human Rights. 

A plenary meeting is a session of a conference which all members of all parties are to attend. Such a session may include a broad range of content, from keynotes to panel discussions, and is not necessarily related to a specific style of
presentation or deliberative process.

Participatory status is a status for international NGOs that are represented at European level.

Memoranda is a summary of the state of an issue, the reasons for a decision agreed on, etc.

The European Union (EU) is a supranational organization which developed a political identity partially separate and independent of the identities and sovereignties of the member states.

Participatory democracy is a process of collective decision making that combines
elements from both direct and representative democracy: Citizens have the power to decide on policy proposals and politicians assume the role of policy implementation.