Third epistemology besides empiricism and rationalism is pragmatism. It in fact represents a midway approach between empiricism and rationalism. As experiment and observation are made by researchers, they regard the importance of reasoning and the difference from rationalist experiments and observations-causes the change of belief and values of the human being which may be relative. For pragmatics emphasizing on the inextricability of theory and observation, there can be more than one theory at a time and the researcher can be forced to choose one of them. Moreover, pragmatism, as a different approach from other epistemologies, assumes that every belief or assumption is questionable and might change if necessary. According to pragmatism, our beliefs influence our actions directly and orientate them to a certain way. The correct option is E.

There are six key concepts of classical liberal philosophy that are commonly mentioned by the liberal writers, these are; individualism, freedom, natural law, spontaneous order, rule of law and limited state.

Positivism is an alternative effort not only related with the international relations but all social and natural sciences. (So it is not related to postmodernism.)

It is positivism which is still influential in the field of IR. It is not postmodernism criticised by others for not being influential enough.

Main agenda of post-modernism is to criticize modernism and refute its foundations but not replace it with certain methodological and social approaches. Because postmodernists do not offer alternatives to replace the existing ones -the ones that they criticise, they are themselves criticised.

Finally, Postmodernism actually challenges the scientific standpoints of modernism.

Realism has been the dominant theory in international relations since the end of the Second World War. 

National interest

Democratic peace theory follows the Kantian tradition and scholars like Michael Doyle and Bruce Russett share the idea that democracies can maintain peaceful relations among themselves due to their shared values and common approach in their domestic republican governance

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Marxism has its main intellectual origins in German philosophy, English political economy, and French utopianism.

Marxism has its main intellectual origins in German philosophy, English political economy, and French utopianism. It is from the German philosopher Georg W. F. Hegel that Marx learned a way of thinking about the world, called “dialectics”. British political economists, especially Adam Smith and David Ricardo, provided Marx with a first approximation of his labor theory of value. Finally from many French utopians, such as Charles Fourier and the Comte de Saint-Simon, Marx borrowed the idea of a happier future beyond capitalism. The correct answer is C.

According to realism, states are the major actors of international politics. There is NO central authority to govern the relations among states. According to all realists, the basic agenda of IR are security issues, and finance, commerce, money and health are assumed as low politics. 

ignored

People are the central and most important actors in world politics.

Marx and Engels predicted the revolutionary overthrow of capitalism by workers and the eventual attainment of a classless society (Mingst and Arreguin, 2011: 81).

Through liberal lenses, cooperation is a positivesum game which means that all participants benefit from its priviliges, outcomes. This is called as absolute gains (where all can win) opposed to the relative gains perspective of the realist assumption as regards nature of cooperation. Correct answer is A.  

Neorealist paradigm of international relations is not capable of offering an “… explicit policy guidance to state leaders as they confront the practical problems of world politics. This is presumably because they have little or no choice owing to the confining international structure in which they must operate”.  It is not at all interested in developing a solid framework to facilitate foreseeing foreign policy moves of international actors. Waltzian argument, conforming to its determinist character, is simply that structure determines behavior and dictates policy.

Realism depicted the international politics as a struggle for power and interest, and states as unitary actors capable of rational decision making. According to all realists, basic agenda of IR are security issues, thus political and military issues are primary topics and top issues in the hierarchy among the topics of the agenda. One of the important premises of realism (particularly neo-realism) is the anarchical structure of the international system. There is no central authority to govern the relations among states. Whereas for idealists, the norms and rules which are relevant to international law and international organizations should be applied to international relations for preserving peace and order. According to realism, states are the major actors of international politics. Their interests and the rivalry for getting more powerful, shapes politics. Multinational companies (MNCs) and international organizations are not assumed as actors of international politics. The correct option is D.

Unlike Morgenthau who defends the necessity of a unipolar system to better organize international structure and Raymond Aron who counts on a multipolar structure because of its homogeneity in terms of power; Waltz is the only great realist who is in favor of bipolarity (Battistella, 2012: 151). Mearsheimer, in his essay about future of the post-Cold War World, particularly Europe, emphasizes that a transition to a multipolar order from a bipolar one provokes instability. The correct answer is B.

There are six key concepts of classical liberal philosophy that are commonly mentioned by the liberal writers, these are; individualism, freedom, natural law, spontaneous order, rule of law and limited state. Priority of national interests is one of the concepts of classical realism. The correct answer is A.

Classic Marxist theory is too much deterministic. Marx argued that economic laws shape not only the society but also the direction of history itself. However, in light of our historical experiences, this may not necessarily be the case. Indeed, many different factors shape human history. For instance, most American and British leaders have pushed liberalism. Scandinavian countries have followed a social democratic line and used the state power to protect their citizens from capitalist exploitation. China has adapted a form of autocratic-capitalism, while Cuba preferred a socialist dictatorship. So as these examples reveal, Marxist interpretation of human history is too simplistic and reductionist.