Marx tried to understand how the capitalist society works, how it arose out of feudalism, and where it is likely to lead. Concentrating on the social and economic relations in which people earn their livings, Marx saw behind capitalism a struggle of two main classes: the capitalists, who own the productive resources, and the workers or proletariat, who sell their labor force to survive. Marxism is basically Marx’s analysis of the complex and developing relations between these two classes.

nationalism

John Locke’s philosophical and theological defense of property rights and religious toleration inspired other liberal thinkers (Thorsen, 2010, 191) His philosophy on individual freedom and state’s limited role can be best seen in his book titled “Second Treatise on Government” (Viotti & Kauppi, 2012, 132). John Locke (1632-1704) argued that the state of nature is not a state of war. He identified this state as one of freedom and maintained that it is governed by the law of reason. According to the social contract idea advanced by Locke and followed by others, humans in a natural state of freedom do not necessarily respect others’ right to freedom.

According to the liberal theory of international relations, any treats to free market can lead to conflicts and also threaten world peace and democracy. Economic organizations interfere with the free market, so they are not in conformity with the classical liberal tradition. The correct answer is C.

Among the theories of knowledge, empiricism as a way of reaching-knowledge, the basic assumption is that true knowledge can only be acquired through senses and observations. So, empiricists don’t accept a priori knowledge, instead knowledge can only be gained by experience and the consequences of empirical observations. The correct option is B.

By using the theory of alienation, Marx argues that workers in the capitalist society do not own the means of production, such as machines, raw materials, or factories.

“Neoclassical realism is”, as stated by Randall Schweller, “essentially the only game in town for the current and next generation of realists” (Schweller, 2003: 344-45). Taken the definition offered by one of the precursors of this paradigm, Gideon Rose (1998) says, “it [neoclassical realism] explicitly incorporates both external and internal variables, updating and systematizing certain insights drawn from classical realist thought.”

Part of the statement “the vast majority of IR theorists are not realists" suggests that most IR theorists are not in fact realists. The reason for the claim is expalined further in the rest of it. 

In order to realize the aim of higher wages and better working conditions, workers need a new distribution of power. 

These two major classes constantly try to promote their interests at the expense of the other and their goals are truly incompatible.  In this battle, the capitalists are aided by their wealth, their control of the state, and their domination over other institutions, such as schools, media, and religious institutions that guide people’s thinking. On the workers’ side are their sheer numbers, trade unions, working class political parties, if exists, and the contradictions within capitalism that make current conditions increasingly irrational. 

Among the theories of knowledge, empiricism as a way of reaching-knowledge, the basic assumption is that true knowledge can only be acquired through senses and observations. So, empiricists don’t accept a priori knowledge. Positivism is distinguished by four important assumptions. First of these is the belief about the uniqueness of science. According to this assumption which is called as naturalism in philosophical language, there is no important difference between natural world and social world and through the methodology of natural science, social world can be analyzed. Second assumption is that there should be a distinction between facts and values. In terms of philosophy, this point of view which is known as objective position assumes that objective knowledge can be attained by scientific methods despite the existence of subjective factors influencing the research. Third assumption is based on the belief that as in the universe or natural world, there are also regularities in the social world. In this way, as research is carried out, either deductive or inductive methods are employed. According to the final assumption, research must be based on the methods of empirical verification or falsification. The answer is D.

David Singer known by his contributions to the problem of level of analysis, in his well-known article titled “The Level-of-Analysis Problem in International Relations” (1969: 22), reduced the number of levels of analysis to two categories as: system level analysis and state level analysis.

The statements in the first options are about the four assumptions that realist theory of international relations has. However, according to realist theory, socio-economic issues are considered low-politics as opposed to what is stated in the option E. Indeed, military, strategic issues that concerns security of state are often referred to as “high politics”.

International Relations as a discipline was born following the devastation and trauma of the First World War (WWI).

The Wilsonian doctrine revolved around the concept of “collective security” aiming to provide
security for all states, by the action of all states, against all states that might challenge the existing
order.

conflicts among the countries

The liberal IR theory that carries forward the basic arguments of the classical liberal theory is basicaly concentrated on the individual as the unit of analysis. This has led to a different view than the state-centric mentality of realism and brought forward the idea of pluralism in actors of IR besides the nation-state. Another feature is the faith in the power of human mind and universal values of liberalism that shall bring global peace. This is generally why the theory is called idealist and in some cases even criticized to be utopian. 

Immanuel Kant is a philosopher of the Enlightenment. He is the one who argued that human reason one day would be mature enough to establish a world society of harmony and peace. Kant believed in human dignity and that justice could be secured through a universal political order. Correct answer is E. 

There are actually three sub-theories of Marxism, the theory of alienation, the labor theory of value, and the materialist conception of history. All these must be understood within the context of capitalist infrastructure.

World system theory is put forth by Immanuel M. Wallerstein. The correct answer is A.