Neo-Marxism is not actually a theory on its own. Neo-Marxists consider themselves working within the Marxist intellectual tradition, but seek to broaden or revise Marxist thought to address topics not specifically addressed by Marx.

states

The North-South division refers to the structural inequalities in the international economy. The North is roughly composed of developed northern hemisphere countries, while the South is comprised of underdeveloped or developing Third World countries. This categorization ignores the geographic position of some countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, taking placing in the South, yet being labeled as part of the North. The developed countries of the North account for over 90 percent of all manufacturing industries in the world. Even though these countries account for only one quarter of the total global population, they control almost 80 percent of the world’s total income. On the other hand, the countries in the South are characterized by low level of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and high population. These countries account for only a fifth of the global income for over three quarters of the global population. The correct answer is A.

Pragmatism, as a different approach from other epistemologies, assumes that every belief or assumption is questionable and might change if necessary. In this context, one of basic premises of pragmatism is that if one theory cannot yield productive result and function effectively; it can be changed or completely be abandoned. So, it should be assessed with the consequences of theory or thesis and no need to be engaged to a certain theory without reservation. The answer is A.

According to classical or structural realism, 

1. an anarchical structure is main feature of the international system.
2. Moral principles cannot guide politics.
3. Security issues are always on the top of the state agenda.
4. States are the main actors.

The correct answer is B.

States are susceptible to balance against dominant power instead of bandwagoning with it and having not more than necessary power for security and survival is the key to a stable international system. This view is known as the defensive realism. Stephen Walt put forward the balance of threat theory according to which states react not to imbalances of power but to an imbalance of threat (Walt, 1987: 263). Thus, they form alliance against the most threatening power which is not always the dominant power in the system. The correct answer is D.

In all analytic models based on the system as a level of analysis; decision makers, elites and public opinion are not included to analysis as well as state’s own characteristics. In these models based on the system level of analysis, foreign policy is accepted as a response of state to the foreign environment. The answer is E.

Defensive realism which is further developed by Stephen Walt who, in the same vein, put forward the balance of threat theory according to which states react not to imbalances of power but to an imbalance of threat (Walt, 1987: 263).

Isolationism, in a generic sense, refers to a national policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries. The correct answer is B.

The correct option is B. One of main premises of pluralism is that state is no longer the only actor, rather there are many political actors in international system which are known as nongovernmental organizations or civil society organizations operating at local or international levels. For realist approaches, the states are rational and state interest is the basis for political process as well as military and security issues being main agenda of international relations. Whereas, for pluralists, the subject of rationality of states is a contentious issue, noting the plurality of agenda in the international system.

Neoclassical realism could be considered as an approach that seizes the middle-ground in realist perspective. Given the increasing importance of some domestic variables such as public opinion, civil society on foreign policy process, adding that the immaterial factors that have been mostly ignored by the other realist views, its inclination to combine “outside and inside” elements to establish a solid analytical framework for not only states’ foreign policies but also international politics in general, offers, without doubt, a promising prospect for the study of international relations in 21^st century.

Classic Marxist theory is essentially based on the evolution of capitalism and class conflict in the Western world. The correct answer is A.

The law of gravity cannot be observed but its results can. Hence, according to rationalist scientists, empiricism is not enough for the theory of knowledge (or epistemology) and for this reason they prefer reason and logic to empiricism to find out scientific knowledge. However, Rationalists don’t completely ignore experimental knowledge stemming from experiences and observations that is they don’t claim that knowledge can only be reached through reason.

"Dialectics" is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides. Hegel’s dialectics refers to the particular dialectical method of argument employed by the 19th century German philosopher, Georg W. F. Hegel, which, like other dialectical methods, relies on a contradictory process between opposing sides. Hegel believes that reason necessarily generates contradictions and new premises, indeed, produce further contradictions (https://plato.stanford.edu).

A. Gramsci developed the concept of “cultural hegemony”, through which capitalism perpetuates itself.

Functionalism, neo-functionalism, transnationalism and interdepence are all theories and terms coined by liberal internationalists and they focus mainly on the importance of international cooperation and collaboration. Regime theory, on the other hand, is an outgrowth of neoliberal institutionalism and puts forth that social institutions govern the actions in the international arena. The correct answer is D.