False consciousness, in Marxist philosophy, refers to the notion that members of the proletariat unwittingly misperceive their real position in society and systematically misunderstand their true interests within the social relations of production under capitalism. False consciousness, to Marx, denotes people’s inability to recognize inequality, oppression, and exploitation in a capitalist society.

Comparison of Classical realism, neorealism, and neoclassical realism

                                               Classical          Neorealism       Neoclassical
Anarchy                                        yes                   yes                      yes
State power                                  yes                   yes                       yes
Leadership                                   yes                   no                        yes
Statecraft ethics                            yes                   no                         no
Domestic society                            no                    no                        yes
Social science                                no                    yes                       yes

The correct answer is C.

Through liberal lenses, cooperation is a positive-sum game which means that all participants benefit from its priviliges, outcomes. This is called as absolute gains (where all can win) opposed to the relative gains perspective of the realist assumption as regards nature of cooperation (where gains of one party mean losses for others). Opposing to the realist dedication to nation-state as the focus of analysis, in liberal view, the political processes are foci and are formed through competition and cooperation among individuals and groups as agents (representing both state and non-state actors). According to liberal writers, structural theories such as neorealism lack a theory of preferences. In this connection, realism is criticized to be incapable of explaining globalization since it ignores the transnational societal interaction among agents. On the other hand, liberalism also takes policy interdependence into consideration. This is why the neoliberal view of power politics is not only prone to studying cooperation but is also applicable to the analysis of conflict. The correct answer is C.

Considered as the precursor of neorealism, Kenneth Waltz, in his seminal work, Theory of International Politics (1979), tries to develop a scientific approach to understand and explain the international political system.

In essence, neorealism gives no account of human nature and disregards statecraft ethics, instead focusing on the systemic structure of international relations that is completely external to the actors. It is this international system that tell states and individual actors what to do, and not the other way around.

Neoclassical realism

Surplus value is the difference between the amount of exchange and value created by workers. The capitalist buys the worker’s labor force, as any other commodity. The capitalists’ control over this surplus value is the
basis of their power and wealth over the workers.

There are six key concepts of classical liberal philosophy that are commonly mentioned by the liberal writers, these are; individualism, freedom, natural law, spontaneous order, rule of law and limited state. Correct answer is D.

intercultural relations

It is from the German philosopher Georg W. F. Hegel that Marx learned a way of thinking about the world, called “dialectics”.

Robert Keohane explained the role of institutions as “persistent and connected sets of formal and informal rules that prescribe behavioral roles, constrain activity and shape expectations”. In his words, international institutions could take one of three forms: (1) formal intergovernmental or cross-national, non-governmental organizations, (2) international regimes, and (3) conventions (customary norms and practices).

Cultural hegemony, in a generic sense, is the dominant ideology of the society that reflects the beliefs and interests of the ruling class. More specifically, the term refers to the ability of a group of people to hold power over social institutions, and thus, to strongly influence the values, norms, and worldview of the rest of society. The correct answer is B.

Unit-level variables employed by neoclassical paradigm could simply be classified in four broad categories, namely, “images and perception of state leaders, strategic culture, state-society relations, and domestic institutional arrangements.” The correct answer is B.

It became more apparent with the welfare liberals who based their ideas on Keynesian doctrines of increased role of state in economics that brought economic nationalism on the agenda again. The doctrinal elements of liberalism were reevaluated under the light of changing international circumstances. Correct answer is B.

The Group of Eight (G8) refers to the group of eight highly industrialized nations, which include the United States, Germany, France, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, Canada, and Russia.

There are three variants of neoliberal theory, ideational, commercial and republican. Ideational liberalism discusses the effects of the conflict and compatibility of collective social values and identities as regards public (collective) goods provision (like geographical border, political decision-making processes and socioeconomic regulation) on state behavior. Commercial liberalism is about the effects of gains and losses of the people in transactional economics on the state behavior. Finally, republican liberalism is about the effects of the variants of democratic representation and rent- seeking on state behavior. Regulatory and sociological liberalism are strands of classical liberal theory. The correct answer is E.

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