The liberal approach can perhaps be best summarized by the writings of Adam Smith who argues that the key to national wealth, and therefore national power, is economic growth. The key to economic growth is free trade, the free flow of goods, services and investment across borders. Hence, political leaders should allow trade among nations to expand and keep government intervention in that trade down to a minimum. This means that imports and exports should flourish with as little restriction as possible. The correct answer is A.

The English School does not limit the study (and scope) of the field of international relations to the colonial and post-colonial eras.

Robert Keohane elaborating the concepts of hegemony and cooperation in the study titled as “After Hegemony”, stated that hegemonic leader would assist to establishing order. Thus, the correct answer is D. 

According to Locke and Rousseau, by forming a higher authority, individuals would accept voluntarily to leave their certain rights to preserve their freedoms and security (freedom of life). Social contract theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles. From this point, like stag hunt model of game theory, individuals would sacrifice their small satisfactions to reach a highest satisfaction.

Jus ad bellum refers to the conditions under which States may resort to war or to the use of armed force in general. The prohibition against the use of force amongst States and the exceptions to it (self-defence and UN authorization for the use of force), set out in the United Nations Charter of 1945, are the core ingredients of jus ad bellum. According to these, the correct answer is option D.

Every human being was seen as a citizen of the world in his capacity of “reason” regardless of bloodlineage and racial origins.

Hobson (1858-1940) was an English economist influenced by liberal thinkers, such as John Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer.

In his classic study, Imperialism: A Study, first published in 1902, he attempts to explain the rise of new imperialism in the 1870s and 1880s when Great Britain, together with the other European powers, engaged in a scramble for colonies. This move was different from the previous British pattern where it exercised power through free trade and political control.

Conca (1996) argues that regime can be defined in narrow and broader meanings.

Keohane adopts the significant role of hegemony for establishing and creating the international regimes. Howver, Keohane opposed the argument that international regimes and cooperation would not be created or continued in post hegemonic era. Keohane, in his study, argues that cooperation would be possible even in the lack of a hegemonic power in case there are international regimes that assist to establish cooperation. In other words, “regimes are examples of cooperative behavior, and facilitate cooperation, but cooperation can take place in the absence of established regimes.

While realists insist that a hegemonic power is necessary for enforcing states to cooperate and that this cooperation may not continue in post hegemonic era, liberals focus that this cooperation would be persisting even after hegemony ended through institutions. This is why cooperation, according to Keohane, should be thought with institutions in the post hegemonic era. The correct answer is A.

Economic liberalism, economic nationalism and economic structuralism are the three major approaches to international political economy.

In the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), it is claimed that the principle of utilitarianism (principle of pleasure and satisfaction) should be obeyed to reach to the best. For utilitarianism, if fundamental institutions are reshaped or reconstructed for providing the highest satisfaction, then it is certain that the society is regulated rightly.

According to Keohane, regime theory is a theory for explaining and understanding the international cooperation intending the coordination and harmonization of interest among nations. This definition accurately describes international regime theory, while the other definitions are descriptive of the concept of regime itself.