The term “English School” was first coined by Roy Jones in a 1981 article titled as “The English School of International Relations: A Case for Closure”. Jones argued that a group of scholars, basically gathered at London School of Economics, could be taken as forming a distinct school of international relations and this school could be named as “English School”.

Universal law or universal principle refers as concepts of legal legitimacy actions, whereby those principles and rules for governing human beings’ conduct which are most universal in their acceptability, their applicability, translation, and philosophical basis, are therefore considered to be most legitimate.

Regimes themselves are products of efforts to conciliate conflicting interests. The other options would all be limiting factors that would dissuade or prevent a state from establishing regimes.

However, either normative theories or empirical theories are also criticized for some perspectives. In other words, both have certain weaknesses. Since normative theories are claimed to be utopist and idealist and empirical theories too, they are condemned to be over factual for consideration of being scientific.

Economic sructuralism

A convenient date for the beginning of the English School is 1959 when the British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (hereafter, the British Committee) first met at the Peterhouse College of Cambridge University.

Where functional theories see regimes as more or less efficient responses to fixed needs, cognitive theories see them as conditioned by ideology and consensual knowledge and evolving as actors learn.

Thus, the correct answer is A. 

Liberalism

International regimes may be formed in every field of subjects of international relations starting from security issues to environmental issues, and might comprise all international regulations and common standards, such as regimes related to seas, outer spaces, straits and rivers and other waterways as well as economic, financial and commercial subjects or even about diplomatic behaviors. For example, regime of straits, regime of rivers and waterways, international trade regime, international payment regime and international environmental regime exist and are often used to explain the rules governing those areas.

In fact, the concept of regime would cause the question of the limits of state sovereignty. Because states in many subjects would face some limitations of international regimes which constrain their sovereign rights, they are blurred to determine the subjects either domestic or global in character. For example, use of waters, use of natural resources, protection of wild life, animal rights, prevention of environmental pollution are the subjects that states are not willing to share their authority. The correct answer is D.

Gramsci developed the concept of “cultural hegemony”, through which capitalism perpetuates itself. Cultural hegemony, in a generic sense, is the dominant ideology of the society that reflects the beliefs and interests of the ruling class. More specifically, the term refers to the ability of a group of people to hold power over social institutions, and thus, to strongly influence the values, norms, and worldview of the rest of society.

The British Committee emerged as a result of ironically an American initiative. Kenneth Thompson, whom was a member of the (American) Committee on the Theory of International Politics founded in 1954, suggested the idea as he thought that a similar committee in Britain would help the study of international relations.

The theory of hegemonic stability holds the assumption that the world system is most prosperous when there is a hegemon to organize the international political and economic system. Historically, the periods of the Dutch (162072), British (1815-73), and United States (post1945) hegemony are commonly cited as evidence of the link between hegemony and prosperity (Kindleberger, 1977, 1981). When hegemony breaks down, it is assumed, the international system falls into disorder, with the resulting decline in peace and prosperity (Keohane, 1981). As also understood from the information given the correct answer is A. “The world system is most prosperous when there is a hegemon to organize the international political and economic system.” and “When hegemony breaks down, it is assumed, the international system falls into disorder, with the resulting decline in peace and prosperity.” are the assumptions which the theory ofhegemonic stability holds. However, some scholars argue that hegemony is a self-defeating and hence, temporary condition. While the hegemonic state bears the burdens of organizing the international system and supplying public goods, free-rider states prosper and increase the burdens on the hegemon. At some point, the hegemon comes to the conclusion that it is unable to bear the costs of the system it has created. So either it begins to put domestic interests over its international obligations or it becomes too weak to realize its widespread commitments. The Great Britain’s decline in the late 19th and early 20th century can be cited as an example of that (www. pugetsound.edu/what-is-ipe).

The correct answer is B

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) aimed at promoting liberal economic principles, such as non-discrimination in trade, support for foreign enterprises, preferential access to developed markets, and so on. In short, the GATT was essentially a series of multilateral trade negotiations, with an aim to stimulate international trade by lowering trade barriers. In 1995, the GATT became a formal institution, renaming itself as the World Trade Organization (WTO). Representing states that conduct over 90 percent of the World’s trade, the WTO has the task of implementing the Uruguay Round, serving as a forum for trade negotiations and providing a venue for trade review. Choices D and E are not Bretton Woods institutions. The correct answer is A.

Regimes enable states to coordinate. This assumption is one of the assumptions of realists.

The expansion of Western colonialism, mainly advances in ship design and navigation allowing global trade routes to be established may be considered the roots of both the global economy and of international political economy.

The concept of just war was dealt by thinkers such as Augustine, Cicero, Aquinas, Suareaz, and Vitoria but not by Bentham.

Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community. Every human being was seen as a citizen of the world in his capacity of “reason” regardless of bloodlineage and racial origins. The thinkers of the Enlightenment, such as Kant, in the eighteenth century, embraced this idea. With the rise of Imperialism and Nationalism in the nineteenth century, however, cosmopolitanism was criticized as an unrealistic, utopian vision.