Pax Britannica refers to the period between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the start of the First World War in 1914. That period, under the leadership of the Great Britain, was comparatively free of military conflict among major powers.The correct answer is "C".

Keohane asserts that hegemony can assist in the establishment of cooperation, but also that cooperation is possible without hegemony as long as regimes exist to guide the way to such cooperation. Regimes merely regularize expectations. In addition, the rights and rules of cooperation may not be explicit, but may also arise from convergent expectations or even conflict.

The English School has a historical approach as a combination of the past, the present and the future.

The Cold War is the result of rising tensions between the U.S. and Russia/U.S.S.R. following World War II. The relationship between the two nations was borne out of their contact and the impact that their decisions had on each other, where each nation had to calculate their behavior in accordance with the other. The other examples are groups of states with common interests, and therefore bind themselves to a common set of rules in their relations with one another, forming a society of states.

In post-WWII Western European politics, liberals such as David Mitrany studied the nature of international collaboration and how it could be achieved through apolitical processes in his integration theory named “functionalism”. According to Mitrany, nonpolitical experts could better deal with their areas of technical expertise and initiate collaboration which in time would expand into other areas as well. The ever closer union of Western Europe increased the attention towards liberal integration theories and the question evolved this time around whether political integration could be achieved or not.

Ernst Haas was the one putting forward the assumptions of "neofunctionalism".

The most well-known liberal internationalist Wilson in the aftermath of the WWI argued for a system of collective security to maintain peace, based on rule of law, instead of the old balance of power mechanism.

Robert Keohane listed three strands of classical liberal theory as (1) commercial liberalism about the pacific effects of trade, (2) democratic liberalism about pacific effects of republican governments, (3) regulatory liberalism about rules and institutions for relations between countries. Joseph Nye has added a fourth one (4) sociological liberalism about the effects of transnational ties on national attitudes and interests.

The term interdependence (mutual dependence) entered the liberal terminology and was followed by the term transnationalism, which further supported liberalism’s pluralistic nature as regards international actors. The rise of the multinational corporations (MNCs) in world politics and their business transactions across the national boundaries of sovereign nation states increased the interest towards international political economy. The transgovernmental coalitions of the MNCs began to have steering role in economics and were closely related with politics as studied by Nye and Keohane. 

The term “English School” was first coined by Roy Jones.He argued that a group of scholars, could be taken as forming a distinct school of international relations and this school could be named as “English School”. Hidemi Suganami agreed with Jones on the existence of a distinct school and called it as “British institutionalist approach”. Sheila Grader directly took the issue with Jones’ article and disagreed with him on the existence of a distinct English School. Peter Wilson replied to Grader and formidably argued for the existence of a distinct English School. Also Tim Dunne had no doubt about the existence and significance of the School.

The illicit market refers, in a generic sense, to economic activities that circumvent the institutional rules. To be more specific, what makes a market illicit can either be the illegal nature of goods and services themselves, or the illegal ways of their transaction. Thus, illicit market activities may include the illegal movement of commodities to evade tariffs, trade restrictions and sanctions, or
the illegal movements of the banned materials, like drugs, human organs, endangered species, even protected intellectual property.

Keohane and Nye argue that regimes are regulations comprising of the rules, norms and procedures
influencing behaviors and results. Hedley Bull, defines the regimes as rules and institutions that regulate behaviors of individuals and states. Krasner noted that regimes should not be seen as provisional regulations changing according to the change of power and interest in international relations. Keohane also pointed out that regimes should be differentiated from treaties in a certain subject. A treaty can be ad hoc in character but also would be narrow in terms of subject matter and parties. However, regimes are not always limited to a certain subject and not interim provision.

to build more factories

The principle of non-intervention involves the right of every sovereign State to conduct its affairs without outside interference.

The term “English School” was first coined by Roy Jones in a 1981 article titled as “The English School of International Relations: A Case for Closure”.

Classical liberals oppose to the Kantian cosmopolitanism on the ground that there is no need for a universal enforcer, separate nation states could realize this alone and together, since a universal enforcer itself would be a threat to liberty. By the same token, classical liberals valued sovereignty of nations, and humanitarian intervention was not their concern.

Kant (1724-1804), who is the best known representative of the cosmopolitan understanding, discusses ethics and reason in his studies, as well, and he takes on hand the concepts of peace and war as the basic phenomena of social structure. According to him, an individual has the freedom to choose right, ethic and moral, and his behaviors are not determined in advance. But, he has responsibilities and obligations to perform and to obey to the ethical laws accepted as right by universal reason. The ethical laws are known to individuals, and they are universally obligatory
rules for all humankind. The universal dimension of Kantian ethics is accepted as fundamental in IR. In Kantian idealism, there is an understanding of cosmopolitan international society which is composed of individuals, states and other actors adopting ethical principles. Right reason which has a different character transcends the law made by states, necessitates to fulfill states’ responsibilities stemming from universal law. This indicates the way toward the state of perpetual peace. A world federation formed by peaceful states was introduced by Kant as a recipe to solve the security demands of states. According to these information, the correct answer is given in the option D.

In order to speak of the existence of a distinct English School, or any school within a particular discipline for that matter, the three conditions must be satisfied: 1) there must be some commonalities of the views in terms of the subject matter, concepts, principles and methods among the scholars/ members in concern, 2) conscious self-identification with the school by the members, and 3) recognition by the larger community of the discipline. The commonality of the view is required because if the scholars in concern do not have anything in common, then, we cannot speak of them as being part of a group, let alone a distinct school.

Kant (1724-1804), who is the best known representative of the cosmopolitan understanding, discusses ethics and reason in his studies, as well, and he takes on hand the concepts of peace and war as the basic phenomena of social structure. According to him, an individual has the freedom to choose right, ethic and moral. The ethical laws are known to individuals, and they are universally obligatory rules for all humankind.

A hegemon is a powerful state supplying public goods to the international system. These public goods include stable money, security and a system of free trade that can be shared by all. The correct answer is"D".

According to Little (2014:290), that "regimes enable states to coordinate" is a realist approach, not a liberalist approach.

According to Krasner (1982: 186), regime can be described as explicit and implicit rules, norms, principles and decision making procedures related to a certain subject in international relations.

While liberal institutionalists assert that regimes promote the common good for all parties involved, promoting globalization and a liberal world order, realists assert that power is the central figure of regime formation and survival which therefore means that regimes generate differential benefits for states depending on which states the regimes benefit the most.