Pluralists typically prioritize order to justice within the system as they argue that, although a deeply unjust system cannot be stable, order is in many ways a prior condition for justice. They also enphasize the significance of sovereignt, non-intervention, and cultural and political diversity.

The ideas and works of Kant, Hume, and Locke influenced and developed liberalism, where as the Karl Marx was influencial in Marksist theory. Machiavelli is the founder of classical realism. The correct answer is C.

While safe passage and the security of aid workers may be subject to international regimes, the act of providing humanitarian aid to war zones, famines and natural disasters is a unilateral decision that does not jeopardize the interests of others. Similarly, coalitions are established for humanitarian aid in which all states providing aid (and often the state receiving aid) have a common interest to behave similarly, negating the necessity for an international regime.

Cosmopolitanism is the idea that all of humanity belongs to a single global community.

1. The fundamental actors are individuals who act rationally and are prone to collective action for their interests. Their demands may be towards conflict or cooperation under different social conditions such as divergent beliefs, scarcity of materials and inequality in political power. This means that there is no automatic harmony of interests. An important source of social interests is globalization that offers transnational economic, social and cultural opportunities (2013, 711).
2. States represent some domestic groups, whose interests shape state preferences. The nature of the state institutions and the societal demands shape the foreign policy.
3. The interdependent state preferences shape state behavior, so the costs and benefits to foreign societies when dominant social groups want to realize their preferences are taken into consideration. Thus cooperation (its form, substance and depth) depends on patterns of these preferences and their influences on dominant groups in other states instead of realist priority on configuration of power. 

In the period from the late Middle Ages through the end of the 18th century, Mainly due to the advances in ship design and navigation system, the European explorers opened up new frontiers in the American continent and the Middle East to trade. In the beginning of 19th centruy, the European states needed raw materials found in colonies, hence international trade expanded throughout the world. Throughout 19th century it became necessary for European industrialized nations to expand their markets globally in order to sell products that they could not sell domestically in their countries. The period following World War I, the world experienced a major decline in trade and investment in the period following World War I, so states enacted policies to protect themselves from the effects of the crisis. The post World War II period, the goals were to promote free trade to stimulate international capital flow and to establish a stable exchange rate system. The correct answer is B.

Whenever occurs, an economic crisis means, first of all, high rates of unemployment, low level of income, recession, decreasing growth in local economy and subsequently, deprivation of human needs for many. The correct answer is "B".

Peter Wilson (1989) replied to Grader and formidably argued for the existence of a distinct English School.He identified six characteristics of the School.

Baidu

Numbered views as I, III, and V belong to realists.

Even though the Bretton Woods monetary system itself collapsed , the so-called Bretton Woods institutions, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), now the World Trade Organization (WTO), have survived, still directing international trade and finance to a great extent. The IMF was designed to monitor exchange rates, secure financial stability, and promote sustainable economic growth by providing policy, advice and financing the members and by working with developing nations to help them achieve macroeconomic stability.

In the writings of Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), it is claimed that the principle of utilitarianism (principle of pleasure and satisfaction) should be obeyed to reach to the best.

Commonality of views, self-identification, and recognition by the community are the three conditions for the definition of a school. While historical lineage and evidence may seem important, the English School itself may also be traced back to arguments from the writings of scholars from previous centuries such as Hugo Grotius, Edmund Burke, and A.H.L. Heeren. Therefore, the first meeteing of the British Committee on the Theory of International Politics in 1959 is considered the birthplace of the English School as one can always take the traces of an event further back.

The approach of social contract is another important approach which should be regarded for normative thought. According to Locke and Rousseau, by forming a higher authority, individuals would accept voluntarily to leave their certain rights to preserve their freedoms and security (freedom of life). Social contract theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles. From this point, like stag hunt model of game theory, individuals would sacrifice their small satisfactions to reach a highest satisfaction.

The third part of the economic order formed after the Second World War was the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). This treaty was aimed at promoting liberal economic principles, such as non-discrimination in trade, support for foreign enterprises, preferential access to developed markets, and so on. In short, the GATT was essentially a series of multilateral trade negotiations, with an aim to stimulate international trade by lowering trade barriers. The correct answer is D.

Statements A, D, and E reflect the views of Economic Nationalism while C supports Economic Liberalism. Marx and Engels maintained that advanced capitalism divides people into several classes, two of which are especially important: the capitalists and the workers, or the rich and the poor. The capitalists own everything, have all the power and all the money, whereas the workers do all the work, but have no power and no money. The correct answer is B.

International society has been the core concept of the English School from very early on as it was one of the concepts discussed within the British Committee. English School argues that international relations constitute a society just like individual national societies.

Self-determination is a cardinal principle in modern international law (commonly regarded as a jus cogens rule (compelling law/peremptory norm) binding, as such, on the United Nations as authoritative interpretation of the Charter’s norms. It states that a people, based on respect for the principle of equal rights and fair equality of opportunity, have the right to freely choose their sovereignty and international political status with no interference. In other words, the right of the people of a particular place to choose the form of government they will have. According to this, the correct answer is option A.

Pax Britannica refers to the period between the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 and the start of the First World War in 1914. That period, under the leadership of the Great Britain, was comparatively free of military conflict among major powers. The correct answer is A.

The British Committee emerged as a result of an American initiative. Kenneth Thompson, a member of the American Committee on the Theory of International Politics suggested the idea and provided funding through the Rockefeller Foundation.