Desecuritization is the process of shifting an issue out of the realm of securitization and emergency politics back into the realm of ‘normal’ political or technical debate. The correct answer is B. 

The early development of the poststructuralist thought, based on tension between structuralism and phenomenology, was centred in France during the I960s and I970s. Michel Foucault and Jacques Derrida have made significant contributions to the foundation of this idea. 

Morgenthau’s version of realism, which was later labeled as classical realism, argues that the desire for more power is rooted in human nature. Therefore, the correct option is D.

The answer is A.

Postmodern constructivists, on the other hand, “reject the conventional epistemology of social science. They emphasize instead the linguistic construction of subjects, resulting in ‘discursive practices’ constituting the ontological or foundational units of reality and analysis”.

From this point of view, it is seen that poststructuralist thought has a lot in common with the post-empricisim and assumptions of Frankfurt School in critical theory. All of these approaches share similar ideas about the central role of language to the construction of social life, the historicity of knowledge (it means knowledge is related with power and is historically produced within socio-cultural structures) and rejection of the idea of universal (timeless and spaceless) knowledge (Campbell, 2013: 232). In fact, as stated by Robert Cox, one of the prominent names of Frankfurt School, “theory is always for someone and for some purpose”. For this reason they reject the possibility of value-free social analysis. In other words, theoretical knowledge is not independent from the values, thoughts and ideological beliefs of the theorist. 

The answer is A.

The Copenhagen School has developed the theory of securitization that was first put forward by Ole Waever. The correct answer is E. 

According to neorealism, anarchy and the functional similarity of units are constant. The only element that can change is the distribution of capabilities. Therefore, the correct option is E.

Post-colonial theory criticizes the Western world due to their colonies in Asia and Africa. Post-colonialism is a critical point of view against colonial authority in terms of economic, social and political aspects based on modernist arguments. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Drawing on the writings of Thucydides, Niccolo Machiavelli, Thomas Hobbes and E. H. Carr, Morgenthau developed a realist theory of international politics in which he argued that “international politics, like all politics, is a struggle for power. Whatever the ultimate aims of international politics, power is always the immediate aim”. Morgenthau went on to argue that the basic feature of the international system is anarchy, and in this anarchic world, states can only rely on their own resources since under anarchy states cannot trust each other. Therefore, the correct option is B.

In terms of epistemology and methodology, constructivism can be divided into three main categories: neoclassical, postmodern and naturalistic constructivism. 

The answer is D

Constructivism entails a wide range of theoretical perspectives whose common denominators include “an emphasis on the importance of normative as well as material structures, on the role of identity in shaping political action and on the mutually constitutive relationship between agents and structures”. Therefore, the correct option is B.

Poststructuralism can be defined as a worldview or even an antiworldview suspicious about the fact that events in the world can not be explained without grand theories. They chose not to use grand theories’ methods but rather to analyze in detail how people were influenced in specific historical periods with a specific way of thinking, which was shaped with the relations of knowledge and power in any given time (p. 3). Moreover, language, culture, identity and historicity take an important place in poststructuralist analysis (p.4). 

Regional security complexes are defined as sets of units whose security processes and dynamics are so interlinked that security problems cannot reasonably be analyzed and resolved apart from one another.

Fanon’s thought is characterized by three aspects. First, he proposes a radical antiimperialist theory, which emphasizes the central significance of ‘race’ in the context of colonial oppression; race is not a contingent determination that could be subsumed under the general category of class, but is a distinctive and autonomous form of social, economic and political inequality. Second, Fanon stresses the significance of the revolutionary act as also a psychological and intellectual transformation, which must accompany material transformation, or the socialist reorganization of production. Third, Fanon argues for individual freedom as an essential component of a socialist synthesis that should guarantee democratic participation in the construction of socialism.

Actors pursue particular interests and assess the utility of a possible action in terms of their preference order at a given point in time when people act according to the logic of consequentiality. The correct answer is B. 

Orientalism is the term used by Edward Said based on the assesments of the attitudes and perspectives of the Western scholars or Orientalists to legitimize colonial aggression by intellectually marginalized and dominated Eastern peoples. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Referent objects are things that are seen to be existentially threatened and that have a legitimate claim to survival.