The most important figures respectively Frantz Fanon, Albert Memmi, Aime Cesaire, Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak, Homi K. Bhabha. The correct answer is E.

Although Foucault’s academic formation was in philosophy, he was interested in psychology and psychiatry and was awarded a diploma in psychopathology. He wrote “Madness and Civilization” his first work in this field (Macey, 2004: 35). 

Double Reading

The double reading method was included to literature as a deconstruction style by Derrida. The aim here is to understand the story of the construction of the identity of a discourse, a text or any other social institution. 

Orientalism is the term used by Edward Said based on the assesments of the attitudes and perspectives of the Western scholars or Orientalists to legitimize colonial aggression by intellectually marginalized and dominated Eastern peoples (Khan, 2011: 2). The correct answer is D.

It should not be understood that poststructuralists are anti-state. This approach neither ignores the state nor aims to move beyond the state. Poststructuralists, do not seek to explicate international politics by focusing on the state which is accepted as a given subject. According to them, the problematic is the state-centric perspective and the limitations and costs that this perspective causes by ignoring many aspects of world politics. That is why, poststructuralist thought focuses on discursive practices that produce the state-centric perspective. As can be understood from the information given, the correct answer is E. All statements in the answer choices are correct in the context of poststructualist approach.

System level analysis

J. David Singer proposed three levels of analysis when studying international relations. System level, State or National level, and individual level. System level analysis in international relations means that a researcher looks only at system level factors as causes of state behavior, and excludes domestic and individual level factors from his analysis (Singer, 1961). 

Postmodern constructivists reject the conventional epistemology of social science and emphasize instead the linguistic construction of subjects, resulting in ‘discursive practices’ constituting the ontological or foundational units of reality and analysis. The correct answer is D. 

Alexander Wendt is one of the most important and influential scholars in the constructivist school. He agrees with other constructivists that the structure of the international system is social and that identity is the basis of interests. However, he adopted a systemic approach to show that states’ identities and interests are formed at the system level; in addition, they are endogenous to state interaction. Wendt did not adopt unit level constructivism. The correct answer is E. 

Post-colonial theory criticizes the Western world due to their colonies in Asia and Africa. Post-colonialism is a critical point of view against colonial authority in terms of economic, social and political aspects based on modernist arguments. Modernist thoughts claim that there is only one objective reality originating in Europe and excludes the other perspectives. Furthermore, the West has legitimated colonized Afro-Asian people by using the modernist thought. Therefore, postcolonial thinking started to criticize the Western domination in all areas. Hokusai was a Japanese painter, known for his The Great Wave, therefore not included in western culture. Therefore, the correct option is B.

The answer is D.

According to Hans J. Morgenthau, imperialism is a chain of foreign policies aimed at changing power relations between two or more states and destroying the status quo in their favor. He asserts it worthstressing not “what imperialism is” but rather “what imperialism is not”. Therefore, the correct option is B.

In Realism, anarchy means absence of a higher authority above states to make and enforce rules in the international system.

Securitization: Shifting an issue out of the realm of ‘normal’ political debate into the realm of emergency politics by presenting it as an existential threat. Securitizing

Speech Act: The act of saying security in relation to an issue.

Securitizing Move: An attempt to securitize an issue by labeling it as a security issue.

Desecuritization: Shifting an issue out of the realm of securitization and emergency politics back into the realm of ‘normal’ political or technical debate.

Asecurity: A condition in which issues tend to remain un-securitized, and are dealt with primarily as political issues or considered as non-political.

Securitizing Actors: These are governments, international organizations or civil society actors that securitize an issue by articulating the existence of threat(s) to the survival of specific referent object.

Structuration: A concept suggested by Anthony Giddens as a way of analyzing the relationship between structures and actors. Therefore, the correct option is C.

John A. Hobson was a liberal thinker and an economist who was one of the first writers to use the concept of imperialism and even inspired Lenin’s development of the theory of imperialism. According to him, imperialism stems from the wrong practices within capitalism, capitalists preferred to convert the surplus of capital into reinvestment in order to make a profit outside their own country, since there was excessive production but inadequate consumption in society. In other words, the investigation of new investment and market opportunities for unused capital and non-consumable goods within the country leads to imperialism.