According to Johan Galtung, who is the most prominent representative of Peace Studies, the biggest, the most important and the most durable threat to the survival of human beings is the social structure in which they face extensive injustices and deprivation. 

The first international treaty on flora (plants) was signed in 1889 in Bern, Switzerland to prevent the spread of plant disease affecting vineyards in Europe.  

Some of the main concepts that the feminists try to re-formulate according to their own arguments are “power, security, state, war and peace”. D does not belong to this category.

The USSR and Warsaw Pact nations boycotted Stockholm Conference in 1972 due to the lack of inclusion of East Germany to the Conference (Hill, 1972). 

Anthropocentrism refers to a human-centered worldview which regards the nature within the human values. Modern human culture is based on anthropocentrism and positivist social science is based on anthropocentric perspective. An alternative view of the anthropocentrism is holistic “ecocentrism”.

Andrew Linklater, another well-known theorist in international relations, approaches to critical theory as a post-Marxist theory that continues to evolve beyond the paradigm of production to a commitment to dialogic communities that are deeply sensitive about all forms of inclusion and exclusion, domestic, transnational, and international. The correct answer is B.

Writings of Nicholas Onuf (1989) and Alexander Wendt (1987, 1992, 1994, and 1999) first introduced constructivism to the discipline of International Relations. Therefore, the correct option is A.

Another significant development of the 1990s was the Rio Earth Summit also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Critique of traditional security conception leads to questioning of ‘true security’. In this context, the concept of security should be employed in the sense of threatening issues for individuals instead of ‘real’ threats to the state. Because real threats to the welfare of individuals constitute the main subject matter of security. If the security agenda is enlarged in this direction, the general issues of human welfare will be inevitably addressed. 

The second important negative effect of the Cold War era for the environmental politics is the political polarization between states.

Emile Durkheim argues that the state becomes stronger and more active as the individual becomes freer. However, compared to its theoretical background the human security concept is a new phenomenon. The debates on human security in the Security Studies sub-field have not emerged as a new theoretical attempt, but as an emphasis on humanitarian values and needs within the process of determining of a new political agenda about security in the post-Cold War era. In a broadest sense, the concept of human security aims to consider individuals or human beings in a collective manner as the referent object of security. 

For Aberystwyth School, priority is not about how security will be ensured, but the sources of security issues. Hence, it is not sufficient to undertake security as a negative security situation. Positive security that comprises social, economic and cultural structures should have a priority. Thus, as long as the concept of security is about the improvement of human welfare, it will have a positive meaning for Aberystwyth School.