There were four main reasons behind the status quoist foreign policy understanding of Turkey during the Atatürk era. According to Oran, one of these reasons is that  the existence of the Soviet Union as Turkey’s Eastern neighbor always kept Turkey alarmed and prevented Turkish decision makers from taking pro-active foreign policy decisions.

Contrary to revisionism that implies an ambition to change the existing order,
status quoism is favoring the continuation of the existing order.

Following Atatürk’s motto “Peace at home peace in the world,” Turkish foreign
policy from the very beginning of the Republic was against expansionism or making war with neighboring states to regain lost territory.

The authoritarian characteristics of single-party politics of the 1930s and the 1940s continued almost in a similar fashion during the two-party system of the 1950s. Domestic politics aside, the governing party did not consult with the opposition party on foreign policy matters. For example, sending troops to the Korean War, the first military move by Turkey in its international affairs following the national independence, was consulted neither with the opposition party nor with the Turkish Grand National Assembly, despite its monumental importance.

The First World War resulted in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. This also meant that the Turkish imperial history came to an end. After three years of national struggle, the Treaty of Lausanne, signed on July 24, 1923, established the new Turkish nation-state. The Treaty of Lausanne replaced the Peace Treaty of Sevres, which the Republican Turkey had never signed, and Turkey asserted its complete sovereignty over its current territory with the exception of Hatay (the district of Alexandretta), which finally (re) united with the motherland in 1939. Despite few restrictions on the Turkish Straits and some commercial and judicial privileges, the Treaty of Lausanne has served as the international recognition of the Turkish National Pact (Misak-ı Milli), which had been adopted in 1920 by the Meclis-i Mebusan, the Ottoman Parliament.

Turkey asserted its complete sovereignty over its current territory with the exception of Hatay (the district of Alexandretta), which finally (re) united with the motherland in 1939. Therefore, the correct answer is D.

Conjunctural Determinants are dynamic variables that can change depending on the domestic and international developments. They can be considered as the changes in the international system, shifts in balance of power in world politics, dramatic changes in domestic politics, economic factors. 

Greece, with the support of the United Kingdom, had occupied the Western Anatolia following the end of the First World War. The correct answer is B.

 The Treaty of Sevres was forced upon the Ottoman Empire by major Western powers including Britain, France and Italy, not Germany, Russia and the USA. Therefore, the correct answer is C.

Sitting at the crossroads of land connections makes Turkey a Balkan, a Caucasian, a Mediterranean, and a Middle Eastern country, all at the same time. ‘’ a Far Eastern’’ does not go in the description, so the correct answer is B.

In order to reduce the sense of insecurity and to counterbalance potential rivals, Turkey has joined the existing alliances at the time or it allied with regional states and outside powers. For this reason, Turkey, between 1920 and 1955, signed a number of friendship declarations with the neighbors and bilateral agreements with the USA. In an attempt to feel more secure, Turkey joined the Balkan Pact (1953), the Balkan Alliance (1954), and the Baghdad Pact (1955). Nevertheless, Turkey’s adherence to NATO in 1952 was the biggest step in terms of securing its borders.

Considering the explanations above, we see that Warsaw Pact isn’t among the agreements, so the correct answer is A.

Especially in the 1930s, despite the criticisms of Western powers, Atatürk developed partnership with Germany and the Soviets at the same time. The correct answer is A.

There are at least four important results of the Montreux Convention for Turkey as well as for international politics. First, Turkey restored the security of the straits and addressed a key security gap in its borders. The restoration of Turkish sovereignty over the straits helped Turkey regain its historical role as the armed guardian of the straits. Second, the renewal of Turkish authority in the straits granted Turkey a liberty to close the straits to foreign warships during a war. This increased Turkey’s strategic value in international arena forcing European powers to seek its friendship and avoid its enmity. Third, Turkey’s attachment to multilateral diplomacy helped Turkey gain a peaceful image internationally. Finally, the Montreux Convention won a good name for multilateralism and diplomacy that had been discredited through the revisionist policies of aggressive powers. Considering the explanations above, we see that all statements are true, so the correct answer is E.

The Great Depression badly affected Turkish economy. Therefore, Turkey was not in a position to invest on heavy armament as a response to the rising Italian threat. There was no foreign direct investment in the horizon and this led to a remarkable decline in foreign trade. This forced Turkey to adopt statist economic policies launching its first five-year industrialization plan (1934- 1938). The focus on economic recovery through statist reforms prevented Turkey from investing on military.

The National Pact included the following provisions:

• The future of the territories populated by the Arab majority at the time of the signing of the Armistice of Mudros (Mondros Ateşkes Anlaşması) would be determined by a plebiscite. Meanwhile, unoccupied territories inhabited by Turkish majority would continue to be the homeland of the Turkish nation.
• The status of the cities of Kars, Ardahan, and Batum might be determined by a plebiscite.
• The status of the Western Thrace would be determined by a plebiscite.
• The protection of Istanbul and Marmara should be provided. Turkey and the other concerned countries would decide for transport and trade on the Straits of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles.
• The rights of minorities will be protected on the condition of reciprocity. The rights of Muslim minorities in neighboring countries should be protected.
• Unconditional full independence and sovereignty of the country, including the removal of all restrictions on political, judicial, and financial development, should be recognized.

Considering the explanations above, we see that ‘’The rights of Muslim minorities in neighboring countries should be ignored, and The protection of Istanbul and Marmara should be neglected’’ are false, so the correct answer is A.

The main issues negotiated at the Lausanne Peace Conference include territorial and military issues, foreigners’ rights and capitulations, as well as economic issues and the Ottoman debts. Therefore, Global issues is not true. The correct answer is C.

In order to reduce the sense of insecurity and to counterbalance potential rivals, Turkey has joined the existing alliances at the time or it allied with regional states and outside powers. For this reason, Turkey, between 1920 and 1955, signed a number of friendship declarations with the neighbors and bilateral agreements with the USA. In an attempt to feel more secure, Turkey joined the Balkan Pact (1953), the Balkan Alliance (1954), and the Baghdad Pact (1955). Nevertheless, Turkey’s adherence to NATO in 1952 was the biggest step in terms of securing its borders.

The second feature of Atatürk’s foreign policy was Westernism. Turkish foreign policy makers traditionally perceive the West as an important center of power in world politics providing a set of important standards for cultural and social modernity, economic advancement, scientific development, political stability and democracy. political changes is not among the Turkish foreign policy makers set of important standards of Westernism. The correct answer is E.