Despite frequent internal changes, the structural determinants provide a significant degree of continuity in Turkish foreign policy. Due to the strong influence of structural determinants, Turkish foreign policy has benefited from its rationality, sense of responsibility, long-term perspective, and realism. Nevertheless, besides the structural factors, international and domestic changes have affected Turkish foreign policy decisions.

Different from the structural factors, dynamic and changeable character of the conjunctural determinants had influence especially on the implementation of foreign policy.

The Lausanne Peace conference of 1922-1923 was organized to formally end WWI after Turkish victory over Greece in Anatolia. The main players in the Lausanne Peace conference negotiations were Turkey and Britain. For their part, France and Italy joined for economic reasons. Greece was too weak to have an effect on the outcome of the negotiations. The Soviet Union participated in the conference for strategic reasons. It was invited by Turkey in order to counter balance Western European influence on the negotiations. Japan attended the conference due to its interest regarding the Straits. The US was an observer to the peace negotiations in Lausanne as it was not part of the War of Independence.

The main players in the Lausanne Peace conference negotiations were Turkey and Britain, not Germany and Turkey. The correct answer is B.

The term “Millet” refers to a “religious community” or to certain “people” in the Ottoman Turkish language. In the Ottoman Empire, it was used for organizing different religious communities with limited administrative power under a religious leader with authority over their co-religionists. The system allowed each community to regulate their own affairs under the supremacy of the Ottoman administration. Only the “religion of the books” (kitap ehli) were recognized as millet in the system; thus, originally there were Orthodox Christian and the Armenian millets, which later joined by the Jews and Catholic Armenians. Empire’s Muslim population (the Ummah) was not considered as part of the Millet system.

Considering the explanations above, we realize that ‘’The system allowed (not banned) each community to regulate their own affairs under the supremacy of the Ottoman administration.’’ the correct answer is C.

Turkey’s policy toward Hatay could be considered as an act of irredentism by diplomacy. Turkish government never officially declared its intention to add Hatay into its territories. However, Atatürk, the President of the Turkish Republic had been decisive to protect the rights and liberties of local Turks in the region. Turkey unquestionably aimed to protect the local Turks from foreign domination in Alexandretta.

The Treaty of Sevres was forced upon the Ottoman Empire by major Western powers including Britain, France and Italy. Sevres dictated the division of Turkish lands into several zones under Western control. In Lausanne, Turkey abrogated Sevres and reclaimed its independence from the West. Therefore, Atatürk was the last person to encourage full attachment to the West. Atatürk’s was selective Westernism or Westernism is à la carte.

Treaty of Lausanne, the founding document of the Turkish Republic, was the first foreign policy action of new Turkey. The correct answer is C.

Turkey’s post-war isolation ended with the declaration made by Great Britain in March 1946. Great Britain announced that the 1939 Treaty of Alliance was still in force and that it was obliged to help Turkey in case of any aggression. Even though the Soviets repeated their demands several times, the Allied states sided with Turkey in opposing them.

The Sheikh Said rebellion allegedly triggered with the British support was influential in the League’s decision. Turkey’s main argument was that Turks and Kurds were living in harmony and they were inseparable. The rebellion was contrary to what Turkish decision makers were claiming. The Sheikh Said
rebellion was considered by the European powers as a religious as well as a nationalist movement, reflective of the preoccupations of the Kurdish tribes to protect their “national and religious” identities against the Republic.

Status quoism means attachment to and preservation of existing order. The correct answer is A.

Atatürk’s foreign policy was defined by four main features: Status quoism, Westernism, Pragmatism and Multilateralism. Because Revisionism is not one of the main Atatürk’s foreign policy features, it is false. The correct answer is D.