The state was the ultimate owner of the land and distributed the land to the fief-holders (Sipahi). The sipahi in turn allocated the land to the peasants for cultivation. A is the right answer.

secularism is a political doctrine aiming to withdraw religion from political, social and economic life.

Welfare Party won the majority of 1995 general elections under the leadership of Necmettin Erbakan.

The business community discussed etatism, taxation, foreign trade, bureaucracy and centralism, and demanded the withdrawal of several restrictive policies and the restructuring of the chambers as an autonomous organization (Birtek, 1985; Buğra, 1994). Although the congress did not demand the abolition of the etatism completely, it signaled the emergence of a strong opposition to CHP and its interpretation of the etatism. They requested a nonpartisan economic commission to carry out a new economic plan to foster rapid industrial development.

The February 28 military memorandum created a big trauma in large segments of society. For example, thousands of girls were forced to leave their schools because they were veiling. Vocational high school students were exposed to discrimination through the coefficient system; so many students could not enter faculties for many years. A large number of people were judged and sent to prison with the accusation of their reactionary activities. Some people lost their jobs and professions. On February 28, the military did not make a usual coup. However, politicians were forced to act in the direction of the army’s demands. They changed the elected government and intervened directly into politics without directly taking control of the country. For this reason, the February 28th Process was called the “postmodern coup”. Therefore, the correct option is B.