Laws of the Turkic states before Islam had nomadic origins arising from the steppes of Central Asia. With the Mongolian influence a powerful one, especially during the reign of Genghis Khan, his sons and grandsons, a Turko-Mongol code of governance and laws emerged. Turks merged these with Islamic elements as they observed the Persian bureaucracy and applied such a legal system in their future governance practices in the Great Seljuk Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Safavid Empire, and the Moghul Empire. Some clear Turko-Mongol words relevant to this discussion are ulus (nation), yasa (law) and tore (tradition). In the Ottoman society, non-Muslims utilized their own religious courts, and Muslims the Islamic courts. There were also secular courts run by Qanun and separate trade courts. The correct answer is D.