The revolutions of 1848 effectively destroyed the absolutist regimes in Europe (except in Russia), thus ending the very basis upon which the Holy Alliance was built. As Metternich was taken out of office, the last political figure from the Congress of Vienna had departed. The signatories of the Holy Alliance and founders of the Concert system eventually ceased to exist. The rise of liberalism and nationalism with the revolutionary movements and their success in establishing constitutional regimes affected the policy-making of the states.