Overall, there were about 16 million Soviet

civilian war deaths. Of these, 11 million died under

the German occupation and another five million

were victims of Nazi deportation. It is difficult to

be precise about civilian death rates from 1941–

1945, but at least several million fell victim to the

Germans after Stalingrad. As for military casualties,

the Red Army lost over 16 million, including

four million dead, between 1941-1945 (Roberts,

2002:149-150).