For starters, because each country had fought a different war. Though the United States had fought valiantly on land and at sea on three continents (Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Africa), it had entered the war relatively late, in December 1941, and ‘only’ lost around 300,000 men. Not only was none of the conflict (outside Hawaii) fought on American soil, but its economy emerged as the world’s most powerful as a direct result, accounting for over 50% of global gross domestic product (GDP) by 1945. 

Mozambique, Cape Verde, Sao Tome, Angola

French political and economic adviser Jean Monnet was a decisive proponent of European unity. In a 1943 speech, he stated that “there will be no peace in Europe if the states are reconstituted on the basis of national sovereignty…. The countries of Europe are too small to guarantee their peoples the necessary prosperity and social development. The European states must constitute themselves into a federation”. The correct answer is Choice A.

President Truman wasted little time in presenting what would become known as the Truman Doctrine, announcing on March 12, 1947 that it was henceforth “the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are  resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures,” i.e. communism—starting with Turkey and Greece (Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States, 1963: 178–79). 

In February 1945 Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met again to discuss the political problems of post-war Europe in the Crimean town of Yalta. The main points discussed at the Yalta Conference (February 4-11, 1945) were as follows:
• the establishment of the United Nations,
• the partition of Germany and reparation payments,
• the settlement of Polish issue,
• whether and under what conditions the Soviet Union would enter the war against Japan.

The relative success of the European experiment to stimulate economic growth through the creation of a free trade area soon motivated North American leaders to create a free trade zone with minimal barriers to the flow of goods and capital (though not labor) themselves. In that sense, NAFTA can be considered the Canadian, American, and Mexican’s collective answer to the European Community.

When Germany attacked Poland on September 1, 1939, London and Paris declared war on Berlin. "D" is the correct option.

The dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991 is usually considered the event marking the end of the Cold War and the beginning of the post-Cold War period. The end of the Soviet Union was not simply the end of the Soviet Union—one of the world’s two superpowers at the time. It also meant the end of the bipolar international system established after World War II, leaving the United States as the sole superpower of the international system and prompting a group of policymakers and scholars alike to trying to (re) define and conceptualize this ‘new world order’— or ‘new world “disorder”’—as others have preferred to name the international system.

An absolute ruler or monarch in the 17th and 18th century could make “law, dispense justice, create and direct a bureaucracy, declare war, and levy taxation according to his or her own will, without needing the formal approval of any other governing authorities” . As French King Louis XIV (1643-1715), the symbolic figure of absolutism, famously put it, “I am the state.”

Third World: “A collective term of French origin for those states that are part of neither the developed capitalist world nor the communist bloc. It includes the states of Latin America, Africa, the Middle East, South Asia, and South-East Asia. It is also referred to as ‘the Global South’ in contrast to developed ‘North’” (Best et al., 2008: 238).

Overall, there were about 16 million Soviet

civilian war deaths. Of these, 11 million died under

the German occupation and another five million

were victims of Nazi deportation. It is difficult to

be precise about civilian death rates from 1941–

1945, but at least several million fell victim to the

Germans after Stalingrad. As for military casualties,

the Red Army lost over 16 million, including

four million dead, between 1941-1945 (Roberts,

2002:149-150).

On April 4, 1949, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization was signed in Washington by Canada, the US, the Brussels Pact powers –namely Belgium, Britain, France, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands-, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Italy, and Portugal. Before the end of the Cold War, Greece (1952), Turkey (1952), West Germany (1955) and Spain (1982) also entered the alliance.

The British Eight Army, commanded by General Bernard L. Montgomery, drove the Germans from Egypt at the Battle of El Alamein in October 1942.

Scholars have focused on three factors to explain the decolonization process in the 20th century:

• The first is internal pressure, which can be evaluated at the local or regional level. Colonized peoples’ demands for reform and independence as well as the rise of anti-colonial political and nationalist movements can be considered as internal pressures against British, Dutch, and French colonial rule (Langenhove, 1961: 405, Betts, 2004: 37). The national politics of colonized powers were shaped upon these internal pressures. • The second is the inability and weakness of colonial powers to rule their colonies. World War II demonstrated that European colonial powers were no longer able to rule their African and Asian colonies. Fonseca and Marcos (2013: 209) argue that “if World War I helped to create local resistance movements against colonialism, it was World War II that destroyed the colonial system itself.” • The third factor is the external pressure which can also be expressed as effects made at the international level, including anti-colonial support from other states and international actors, including the United Nations (UN) (Kay, 1967: 787).

There were 16 countries, including Turkey and Greece, in the Marshall Plan’s new economic orbit, which, if successful, would soon morph into a more permanent structure of economic—and, gradually, political—interdependence. 

Not that the Allies had forgotten Asia. From November 22-26, 1943, days before the celebrated Tehran Conference, US President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill met at the First Cairo Conference, talks to which Roosevelt had also invited Chinese leader Chiang Kai-shek. Aware of Roosevelt’s anticolonial penchant, Churchill was not pleased with the inclusion of Chiang, fearing Roosevelt might make commitments to the Chinese leader to the detriment of British interests. By including it in the Four-Power Declaration, the Americans helped elevate China to the status of a major world power.

Internal pressure, which can be evaluated at the local or regional level. Colonized peoples’ demands for reform and independence as well as the rise of anti-colonial political and nationalist movements can be considered as internal pressures against British, Dutch, and French colonial rule.

The inability and weakness of colonial powers to rule their colonies. World War II demonstrated that European colonial powers were no longer able to rule their African and Asian colonies. Fonseca and Marcos argue that “if World War I helped to create local resistance movements against colonialism, it was World War II that destroyed the colonial system itself.”

The external pressure which can also be expressed as effects made at the  international level, including anti-colonial support from other states and international actors, including the United Nations (UN). The correct answer is Choice D.