Having studied the aims and activities of IOs, Archer has identified three types of organizations based on the relationship that these organizations aim to promote among their members. The first are those organizations that encourage cooperation among its members, who are not in conflict with one another. The second is those organizations that aim at reducing the intensity of a conflict among its members through the methods of conflict management and conflict prevention. The third is those organizations that aim at producing confrontation between its members or between its members and non-members. The functions of the UN Security Council defined under Chapter VII of the Charter exemplify this third type of organization and of the nature of relationship. As is also understood from the information given, the correct answer is C. “International Organizations (IOs) that encourage cooperation among its members, who are not in conflict with one another”, “IOs that aim at reducing the intensity of a conflict among its members through the methods of conflict management and conflict prevention” and “IOs that aim at producing confrontation between its members or between its members and non-members”.

“IOs that focus on high politics are mostly concerned with international order and security” and “IOs that focus on low politics that are concerned with technical, economic, and cultural issues” are the group of organizations identified by Petland regarding their focus.