The idea of global governance is based on the formation of an international society, which consists of nation states that aim at forming global institutions and following global practices. The process of globalization of an international society includes reflective universalism that embodies state-society relations around the world. These interactions involve not only the formation of universal values and norms, but also common practices aiming at creating a peaceful world order. Universalism is a theme prominently associated with the modern world-system. It is in many ways one of its boasts. Universalism means in general the priority to general rules applying equally to all persons, and therefore the rejection of particularistic preferences in most spheres. The League of Nations was the first attempt at putting the idea of universalism into action with regard to peace and international security. The United Nations is the second international organizations with universal values. For several reasons, the UN is considered a more effective organization than its predecessor, the League of Nations. The idea of universalism embedded in the UN’s structure and autonomy is reflected in many ways. As is also understood from the information given, the correct answer is A.

“The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)”, “Warsaw Pact” and “The European Union” are regional cooperations. There is a growing trend of regional groupings and formal institutional structures in today’s world affairs. The initial regionalist developments as a formal institutional cooperation in international relations came into existence in peace and security issues. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact as alliances exemplify the establishment of a permanent organizational structure to deal with regional security challenges. Besides, we observe the establishment of regional economic, social, and political organizations, especially in Europe, following the end of the Second World War. The European Coal and Steel Community, which subsequently evolved into the European Economic Community, and the European Union are the most representative initiatives in regionalization.