Cultural and social psychological reasons constitute the subjective reasons. Cultural reasons refer to the material practice and spiritual practice of a society. A culture that values violence or war may be given as an example for cultural reasons of terrorism. Social-psychological reasons also help explain political violence. Among these reasons, “intent detection and anger” and “expectation of revenge” stand out. Academic studies show that “intent detection” increases the anger and the aggression has the potential to cause further aggression as long as the anticipation of revenge keeps the negative thoughts in the consciousness (Taylor et al., 2007: 412453).

Therefore, one can conclude that giving voice to “malevolence” may create a potential enemy. Iran’s labeling the US as “the Great Satan” and Israel as the “Little Satan” is an example of “intent detection and anger.” On the other hand, the US list of rogue states is another example of “intent detection and anger.” Moreover, the violence that continues over a long time may provide future generations with cultural and social-psychological reasons for the continuation of a conflict, as we have observed in the case of the Palestine-Israeli conflict. As such, both “intent detection and anger” and “expectation of revenge” increase violence. In other words, violence causes violence. Therefore, the correct option is E.