Idealism promotes toleration, reason and progress, equality before the law, and an open economy. It suggests that states would search for long-term mutual gains instead of short-term individual gains if their security and sovereignty were not significantly diminished or threatened. Idealism’s  terms     underlie liberal political thought. As also understood from the information given the correct answer is A. The information taking place in the third option is related to realism. To Morgenthau, realism is a power politics theory. That is, it focuses on how power contributes to a variety of political outcomes and to a state’s security, and by its assumptions, concludes there can be little security for any weak state (one with little power). The information taking place in the fourth option is related to political realism. The main indicator of political realism     is the concept  of interest defined in terms of power, which inserts rational order      into politics and thus  makes  the theoretical            understanding of politics possible. Political realism avoids concerns with the motives and ideology of politicians, diplomats, military leaders, and others in the political arena.