Turkey was participated NATO membership in 1952 with the USA's offer.

Article 2 Paragraph 4 of the UN Charter depicts that all members of the organization shall refrain from both the threat and the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state.

The Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation, as two significant developments, hastened the dissolution of the feudal system. Having begun in Italy and spread across Europe, the Renaissance gave birth to the idea of stato _the core of the modern secular state_. Now European monarchs became keen to assert their sovereignty both internally and externally. Next, the Reformation weakened the political authority of the Catholic Church over European rulers. As of the middle of the sixteenth century Europe was divided into two main camps: Catholic and Protestant. This division was political as much as religious, because there was a power struggle between rulers who had obtained their legitimacy by allying with the Pope and those who had challenged or confronted his authority. The Reformation had considerable political impact, since it reinforced the spread of independent states across Europe. As is also understood from the information given, the correct answer is D. The spread of independent states across Europe and the idea of stato, the core of the modern secular state are among the political impacts of the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation in Europe.

Biological factors may have an effect on the individual level of analysis and gender is considered as a biopolitical factor. Therefore, it has an effect. Besides, group perceptions are important since an individual belongs to a group and can easily be affected by the group.

Environmental Security: The need to protect humans from natural disasters and extreme weather events (such as tsunamis, earthquakes, tornadoes, and floods) that threaten human life and focuses on this.

War is a state of armed conflict between states, societies and informal groups, such as insurgents and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces.

One significant innovation of the French Republic was the formation of the citizen-army. It enabled France to conscript large numbers of citizens to fight Revolutionary Wars. This mass conscription not only brought military success to the Republic but also led to a shift in the military tactics of other European powers. The correct answer is B.

For a political organization to become a state and to get recognized as such, it does not have to become a member of the United Nations, whereas it must have a defined territory, an effective government, a permanent population, and the capability to conduct international relations.

More recently, feminism has examined broad areas of concern, including: the actions of states, international organizations, transnational actors, race, and class. Feminist theoreticians tend to avoid conclusions that indicate “masculinist” approaches, those which emphasize coercion, coercive diplomacy, the use of force and violence, and unilateralism. The correct option is E.

The foremost classical theories are realism and idealism/liberalism. Contemporary alternative theories are neorealism, neoliberalism, and the “English School” of thought. The correct option is D.

Cybersecurity: Protecting technology, data, and information from malicious use or corruption arising from the use of computers and the Internet. The correct answer is D.

The feudal period existed prior to the Westphalian system; then, political authority was fragmented and decentralized among kings, princes, and nobles, all under the supreme authority of the Roman Catholic Pope. Starting in the sixteenth century, dominant European monarchies gradually consolidated their political authority over territories and subjects, even though the feudal power structures left by the Medieval Age still restrained their claims to sovereignty. The Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation, as two significant developments, hastened the dissolution of the feudal system Having begun in Italy and spread across Europe, the Renaissance gave birth to the idea of stato _the core of the modern secular state_. Now European monarchs became keen to assert their sovereignty both internally and externally. As can be understood from the information given the correct answer is A. The Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation, as two significant developments, hastened the dissolution of the feudal system.

Positivism is a position, not a theory and through which the liberal theory is viewed.

In 1970, this issue was addressed with the Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation Among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations: No State or group of States has the right to intervene, directly or indirectly, for any reason whatever, in the internal or external affairs of any other State. Consequently, armed intervention and all against its political, economic and cultural elements are in violation of international law. Therefore, for example, interfering in elections and governments is construed as a violation of international law. As also understood from the information given, the correct answer is E.

Wars take place between nations. Refugees seek asylum from different countries and cybersecurity is considered as an element of international security.

One question of the ‘use of force’ in preventing war or attack has long been debated in international law. The United Nations prohibits preemptive self-defense or anticipatory self-defense. In other words, according to the United Nations language, nations and alliances should not attack others to prevent an attack that has not yet occurred.

Idealism promotes toleration, reason and progress, equality before the law, and an open economy. It suggests that states would search for long-term mutual gains instead of short-term individual gains if their security and sovereignty were not significantly diminished or threatened. Idealism’s  terms     underlie liberal political thought. As also understood from the information given the correct answer is A. The information taking place in the third option is related to realism. To Morgenthau, realism is a power politics theory. That is, it focuses on how power contributes to a variety of political outcomes and to a state’s security, and by its assumptions, concludes there can be little security for any weak state (one with little power). The information taking place in the fourth option is related to political realism. The main indicator of political realism     is the concept  of interest defined in terms of power, which inserts rational order      into politics and thus  makes  the theoretical            understanding of politics possible. Political realism avoids concerns with the motives and ideology of politicians, diplomats, military leaders, and others in the political arena.  

Between 1648 and 1789, each succession war was concluded with a peace settlement following an international diplomatic congress that included all the warring parties. Here are the conflicts and the settlements that followed them:

The Thirty Years’ War --- The Peace of Westphalia - 1648

The Spanish Succession Wars --- The Peace of Utrecht - 1713

The Napoleonic Wars --- The Congress of Vienna - 1815

World War I --- The Treaty of Versailles - 1919

World War II --- The United Nations Charter - 1945 The correct answer is C.

Famine is ongoing, particularly in African states.