By the end of 1970s modern societies witnessed widespread diffusion of individualism that alienated people from the society. Lonely people searching for an identity celebrated organizational culture as a haven. Organizational culture allowed people to answer aching questions for raison d’etre! “Who am I, what is my reason for being in this world? what this organization stands for?” are all examples of questions asked and generally found an explanation within the concept of organizational culture. Production process was upgraded to an advanced level in which automation became widespread. Moreover, the volume of service industry gradually surpassed goods production in many developed countries. us, employees had to be more customer-focused and technically qualified. Consequently, skilful and well- trained employees preferred independent working conditions. Organizational culture, as a way of controlling employee behaviour, allows members to use their judgment, and act more freely within de ned organizational norms. Once members of the organizations cultivated with organizational values, close supervision will be redundant. Machine bureaucracy gradually became less useful in managing people: Scientific management was the paradigm relevant to 1960s and 1970s. During 1980s validity of scientific management as the only paradigm for managing people started to be scrutinised. e effectiveness of objective and mathematical management techniques like time-and-motion studies was challenged. is movement led scholars focusing on the human aspect of management, or in other words, “soft” aspects of organizations. After the devastation experienced by Japan following the 2nd World War, Japan’s reborn as an economic power found to be related to the Japanese management style. Globalization which is generally equated with getting rid of economic, political, cultural, and technological barriers led to an increase in awareness and curiosity in the global west for the east. It was self-evident that Japanese miracle was mostly related to the Japanese cultural value system and its reflections within Japanese organizations. Other countries also tried to understand and encapsulate these re ections for themselves, and hence the interest in the cultural aspect of organizations tend to strengthen. The correct answer is Choice E.