As an alternative approach to generic strategy, Miles and Snow developed four business strategies: Prospectors, Defenders, Analyzers, and Reactors in order to deal with environmental uncertainty

Exploitation encompasses "customer-supplier network, incremental development, product management, and complementary assets". 

Technology exploitation refers to the utilization of technologies to improve organizational performances of products, services and processes.

Organizational culture has three levels, namely basic assumptions, espoused values, and artifacts.

Planning, Intelligence, Negotiation, Realization and Control are the five steps for external technology exploitation. Selection is not one of the five, so the correct answer is D.

Disruptive innovation requires a new business model but not necessarily a technological breakthrough.

Code of conduct determines how one should behave within the organization.

The final step in the change process is to evaluate how successful the change effort has been. Using measures such as changes in market share, in profits, or the ability of scientists to innovate new drugs, managers compare how well an organization is performing after the change with how well it was performing before. Managers also can use benchmarking which refers to comparing their performance on specific dimensions with the performance of high-performing organizations to decide how successful a change effort has been.

Ouchi describes three types of organizations which are called Type J, Type A, and finally Type Z. Type J depicts features of the typical one of which is slow evaluation and promotion.

Only Technology Measurement belongs to Technology Management Framework, therefore the correct answer is B.

Organizations establish buffer units or departments to control uncertainty and to protect their technical cores from external effects. The units which have buffering roles are responsible for absorbing environmental uncertainty. These departments apply systematic procedures during the exchange of resources -supplies, raw materials, labor- between an organization and its environment.

Invention refers to the emergence of an idea. The key mechanism of invention is exploration, which includes things represented by words such as search, variation, risk-taking, experimentation, play, flexibility, and discovery. Invention includes generating an insight about the customers’ problem or need and profoundly understanding this problem or need. The insight could be finding a problem that others have missed or perhaps uncovering a potential new solution to a well-understood problem. Four behaviors trigger generating insights: questioning, observing, networking, and experimenting. The correct answer is Choice E.

Planned change models view development as a repetitive sequence of goal formulation, implementation, evaluation, and modification of a pictured end state based on what was learned or intended by the people involved.

Decision criteria & process is one of the steps in selection process, the other options are not related to this process, so the correct answers E.

The sentence describes technology management so the correct answer is A.

Radical innovation is based on existent business model and exploring novel technology, and development of new and different products such as biotechnology for pharmaceutical companies, jet engines for airplane manufacturers, and fiber-optic cable for telecommunication companies. Disruptive innovation requires a new business model but not necessarily a technological breakthrough. Architectural innovation combines technological and business model disruptions. Process innovation refers to a company’s effort to refine and improve its current processes. Routine (incremental) innovation is based on having the existing business model, exploiting the existing knowledge base and small improvements of existing products. The correct answer is Choice A.

The factors affecting the process of constructing organizational culture are: organizational history, founder and top management team, mission and vision statement, human capital, power relations and authority, communication styles, reward and discipline systems, organizational environment.