Planned change models view development as a repetitive sequence of goal formulation, implementation, evaluation, and modification of a pictured end state based on what was learned or intended by the people involved48. Planned change is rapid and dramatic. It tends to result in a radical shift in ways of doing things, new goals, and a new structure49. Restructuring (downsizing an organization by eliminating the jobs of large numbers of managers and employees), and reengineering (deleting old processes and all unnecessary process details, and redesigning processes from scratch, leading to radical transformation) are two examples for the planned structural change.