In 1983, the Minnesota Innovation Research Program (MIRP) initiated a longitudinal study of service, product, technology, and program innovation. MIRP researchers conceptualized innovations as more than the emergence of new ideas. Rather, the ideas must be developed, and activities such as supplying, manufacturing, marketing, and servicing must be established. Even such efforts are completed, the innovation may not be readily adopted, leading to an additional aspect of the process—its implementation. MIRP researchers also found that innovation is a complex process which is inherently uncertain and far from equilibrium. The correct answer is Choice D.