Soysal (1994) defines this membership as post-national membership, which has five distinctive features, in contrast to the classical model of three features of national citizenship. First, post-national citizenship is a very modern idea. Second, the territorial dimension of postnational citizenship is not nation-state bounded unlike the conventional model. The rights of trans-national migrants are an obvious example of that difference. Third, there is no single rights status in the post-national membership unlike the conventional model. Fourth, Soysal states that in the post-national model, universal citizenship replaces national citizenship; universal human rights replace national rights, and rights given to the post-national membership are secured by transnational institutions which, in a way, can be seen as a weakening of the national citizenship model. Trans-national migrants have stronger rights.