Interest groups and political parties use public opinion polls to promote their causes. The correct answer is E.

Elements of Indirect Democracy
• Citizens determine government through indirect voting
• Open elections to all citizens of legal age to determine representatives who act on their behalf
• Representation in government through political party influence
• Rotation of leadership when determined by leadership to be necessary
• Rule of law developed by representative leaders

Politics as part of society also includes many other groups that try to change government policies and actions. These might be pressure groups, interest groups, individual businesses, and corporations.

Marshall divides the development of citizenship into three stages, and distinguishes between civil, political, and social citizenship. He calls the current trend towards social equality the latest phase (Marshall, 1965: 78). Marshall connects the three different sets of rights with three different centuries—civil (with the freedom of speech, thought and faith) to the eighteenth, political (with active and passive suffrage) to the nineteenth, and social rights (like welfare and economic security) to the twentieth century. The correct answer is D:

Soysal (1994) defines this membership as post-national membership, which has five distinctive features, in contrast to the classical model of three features of national citizenship. First, post-national citizenship is a very modern idea. Second, the territorial dimension of postnational citizenship is not nation-state bounded unlike the conventional model. The rights of trans-national migrants are an obvious example of that difference. Third, there is no single rights status in the post-national membership unlike the conventional model. Fourth, Soysal states that in the post-national model, universal citizenship replaces national citizenship; universal human rights replace national rights, and rights given to the post-national membership are secured by transnational institutions which, in a way, can be seen as a weakening of the national citizenship model. Trans-national migrants have stronger rights.

Michael Freeden explains this using a metaphor.
Ideologies may be likened to rooms that contain
various units of furniture… If we [enter a room
and] find liberty, rationality, and individualism at
its center, while equality—though in evidence—
decorates the wall, we are looking at an exemplar of
liberalism. If order, authority, and tradition catch
our eye upon opening the door, which equality is
shoved under the bed or, at best, one of its weaker
specimens is displayed only when the guests arrive,
we are looking at a version of conservatism. Core,
adjacent and peripheral units pattern the room and
permit its categorization (Freeden, 1996: 86-7.)

Naturalization: The legal process by which a person acquires a new nationality (Martin, 2003: 325).

Older democracies in Latin America include countries such as Brazil, Chile, and Uruguay.

For most parties, there are three main goals: developing a party message (platform), getting members in government leadership, and running
the government. The correct answer is C.

Voter turnout (not to be confused with number of registered voters) is the
percentage of eligible voters who actually cast a ballot in an election.The correct answer is D.

The concept of individualism became popular as the result of social movements at the end of the 18th century.

In Germany, non- European Union immigrants, and even their offspring, were not easily able to obtain citizenship until the year 2000. This difficulty caused Turkish-origin immigrants to strengthen their own ethno-cultural and religious connections, both in Germany and across the national borders (Kaya, 2012).

In most democratic governments there are three distinct branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch, and the judiciary branch. The legislative branch usually is the main arm of the government that establishes the laws of the land. The executive branch typically ensures that all of the laws are obeyed by overseeing the operation of the government. The executive branch is also usually the “face” of the nation, especially in foreign relations. The judiciary branch ensures that all laws are acceptable or constitutional.

Apartheid regime in South Africa (1948-1994) is known to have been a hybrid or illiberal regime, in which there is a structure of democracy but does not protect civil rights.

Typically, pressure groups are broken into four categories: promotional, sectional, insider, outsider.

Global Impacts has specific concerns about cyberterrorism policy and aggressive policies of largest states

Mass parties, which started in the 20th century, are groups with thousands and sometimes millions of members. A difference between mass parties and cadre parties is that mass parties try to appeal to a large number of people. have a bureaucratic leadership and use advanced technology. Members usually fund mass parties  millions of members.The correct answer is D.

Most countries have a modest amount of parties (between 10 and 17), such as Bahrain (15), Ireland (10), and Greece (12). There are also countries with just one political party such as China.

Spain under Francisco Franco, Italy under Benito Mussolini, Germany under Adolph Hitler, and The Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin were totalitarian regimes.

Differentiated citizenship means that members of certain groups will be incorporated into the political community not only as individuals but also through the group, and that their rights will depend on their group membership. This idea of differentiated citizenship is a big development in citizenship theory (Kymlicka and Norman, 1994: 370).