New trends drove a renewed interest in citizenship studies (Isin and Turner, 2002). Some of these trends were: decreasing voter interest, long-term dependency on financial aid from the United States, stress created by an increasingly multicultural population in Western Europe, backlash against Thatcher’s social welfare programs from the 1980s, failing environmental policies which relied on voluntary citizen cooperation, and the resurgence of nationalist movements in Eastern Europe. Increasing voter interest is not among these trends.