John of Paris is strictly in opposition with Aquinas’ inference that the pope ought to direct the secular ruler. He argues that the basis of the distinction between the two powers does not lie in the subject matter or ends, but only in means: each power is limited to its own appropriate means of action; the secular power uses natural means, the Church uses supernatural means. With regard to property, he argues that because a ruler has a right to judge on how to use property disputes does not make him the supreme owner of the property, and although property is acquired under the human law, it is acquired by individuals, not directly by rulers.