Dialectics is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides. 

False consciousness, in Marxist philosophy, refers to the notion that members of the proletariat unwittingly misperceive their real position in society and systematically misunderstand their true interests within the social relations of production under capitalism.

Isolationism, in a generic sense, refers to a national policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries.

Economic planning is the process by which key economic decisions are either directly made or heavily influenced by central governments.

Empirical testing is a way of gaining knowledge through direct and indirect observation or experience.