The distinctions of the English School from the other schools and its merits are: a) ontological and epistemological pluralism, b) its historical approach repudiating both determinism and presentism, c) the significance given to values and cultural and civilizational identities. 

The correct answer is A.

As realist approaches focus on the security problems of the states in the anarchical nature of the international system, and pluralists research on how to realize peace and cooperation in the face of multi actors and their interdependent relations in terms of economic, political and social fields, globalist approaches criticize the reasons behind the underdevelopment of Third World countries in Asia, Latin America and Africa while other countries get richer. According to the Marxist theories focusing to explain war and peace through economic reasons, war and conflicts emanate from contradictions of capitalism. The correct option is D.

Marx and Engels started their critiques of the capitalist system by examining the most advanced
capitalist nations at that time, namely the Great Britain and Prussia. To them, advanced capitalism
divides people into several classes, two of which are especially important: the capitalists and the workers, or the rich and the poor. The capitalists own everything, have all the power and all the
money, whereas the workers do all the work, but have no power and no money. (A)

The main theorists of economic nationalism are Alexander Hamilton (1780-1804), the first United
States Secretary of the Treasury, who wrote The Report on the Subject of Manufactures (1791) and Friedrich List (1789-1846), a Prussian economist, who wrote The National System of Political Economy (1841). According to them, the simple formula is that industrial power equals national power and national power equals independence (Hamilton, 2001; List, 1991). (B)

According to Little (2014:290), that "regimes promote the common good" is not a realist approach but a liberal approach.

A final premise of the English School, which is worth mentioning again, is rejection of presentism. The English School has an historical approach not just in the sense that the phenomena is something historical and must be understood in its historical process.

Stone argues that regime theories are constructed on the theory of hegemony that refers to asymmetric relations among states, and therefore it derived from the American hegemony that began after WW II.

Universal law, natural law, universal peace, universal morality, universal human rights are not accepted by them. Cicero (BC 106-43) who is an important philosopher in the western thought stated that true law is a law in coincidence with the nature. Cicero pointed out that a single justice depending on single law is valid for all society. For him, if there was not justice in the nature, it would not be known as the concept of justice.

We cannot be freed from its obligations by senate or people, and we need not look outside ourselves for an expounder or interpreter of it.

“What Cicero is ultimately saying here and elsewhere is that there is the law of nature, and there is human nature. These are of necessity harmonious with each other (and, ultimately, the same thing) because both reflect the will of a benevolent Supreme Being who creates and governs the universe. To act in accord with human nature, human beings must exercise right reason (recta ratio). The purpose of philosophy is to assist people to achieve right reason-a real and distinct level of cognitive function where emotional and egoistic thinking gives way to virtue, morality, piety (or sense of the sacred), and intellectual and social humility.”

In this sense, the correct answer is option C.

IPE developed as a sub-field of International Relations during the Cold War years (1945-1991), particularly in the 1970s, but it has especially become a more distinct discipline in the post-Cold War era. The correct answer is C.

A convenient date for the beginning of the English School is 1959 when the British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (hereafter, the British Committee) first met at the Peterhouse College of Cambridge University.The year 1959 is a reasonable date because the three conditions for the definition of a school (commonality of views, self identification, and recognition by the community) were in a sense satisfied with the establishment and the works of the British Committee.

Normative theories, essentially are related with the subjects of philosophy and ethic. Perpetual peace approach of Kant and European federation idea of J. J. Rousseau were interesting examples for normative studies. Value is always an important element for the background of normative studies, and such theories placed the discussion of politics in the context of morality. Here, moral factors became evident and interests were expressed through moral and ethical dimensions or in the context of values related to ideology, morality and politics (Johari, 1985: 72).
However, normative theories rest on value preferences which cannot be tested or verified with factual experiments and this is an important difference from empirical/positivist theories. Moreover, they are not concerned with the proposition related to “what is” but “what ought to be, what should be” (Viotti and Kauppi, 1993:5;
Rosenau, 1993, 25; Frost, 1986: 15).
Empirical theories intensify on the real reasons of relations between statesmen and foreign policy. Diplomatic history introduces ample proofs for this perspective. From time to time, this contention is conducted in the axis of idealism-realism. However, the traces of the elements of value and norm would be seen in the studies carried out in the framework of realism as well. Therefore, this subjective factor could not be completely eliminated in empirical theories too. Empirical political scientists sometimes use the normative/philosophical concepts, even if they adopt empirical facts. In this context, coinciding theory and fact, inevitably, demonstrates the necessities that the empirical theories at the same time should utilize analytical approaches.

According to these information the correct answer is option E.

The Bretton Woods Agreement was signed on July 22, 1948, whereby the so-called Bretton Woods system came into being.The correct answer is "B".

Jones argued that a group of scholars could be taken as forming a distinct school of international relations and this school could be named as “English School”. According to Jones, there were four defining elements shared by the authors of this school: 1) English school scholars consider International Relations (IR) as an autonomous subject rather than being a part of (International) Politics. 2) They examine order in the world in terms of the structure of relations between sovereign nation-states. 3) They have a common style that involves no use of statistics, geometry and algebra, no rhetoric of world problems, such as poverty and monetary reform. 4) The English School has a commitment to holism in the sense that the whole is more than the mere summation of its parts.

Despite the relative erosion of its position within the global economy, the United States continues to bear roughly the same major share of the international strategic burden, as it has done before. Yet a critical question in IPE with respect to the issue of hegemony today is whether China will challenge the United States hegemony and threaten the liberal international order. Another is whether Germany will move to establish itself as a hegemon within the European Union.

Post-behavioralism moved to fill this gap, and in 1980s the problem was still not completely overcome, but at least normative theories regained their popularity. It was required to adopt a new idealist viewpoint that moral values would play significant role for policy making processes to reach a stable and peaceful world.

Social contract theory depends on the assumption that the individuals might voluntarily bind themselves to the certain principles.

Cicero pointed out that a single justice depending on single law is valid for all society. For him, if there was not justice in the nature, it would not be known as the concept of justice.

Peter Wilson (1989) replied to Grader and formidably argued for the existence of a distinct English School. He identified six characteristics of the School:  One of them is  a perspective of the whole (holism), in other words, the view that international relations constitute a whole.

Dialectics is a term used to describe a method of philosophical argument that involves some sort of contradictory process between opposing sides. 

False consciousness, in Marxist philosophy, refers to the notion that members of the proletariat unwittingly misperceive their real position in society and systematically misunderstand their true interests within the social relations of production under capitalism.

Isolationism, in a generic sense, refers to a national policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries.

Economic planning is the process by which key economic decisions are either directly made or heavily influenced by central governments.

Empirical testing is a way of gaining knowledge through direct and indirect observation or experience.