The idea of both “suffering” and “happiness” takes place in Horkheimer’s works. Horkheimer’s thoughts on suffering owe a great deal to Marx’s views on the capitalist system that enslaves people. On the other hand, the notion that human beings have an inner drive to overcome suffering is taken from the early libido theory of Sigmung Freud, an Austrian neurologist who developed psychoanalysis, as well as Erich Fromm, a German social psychologist and psychoanalyst, who was associated with the Frankfurt School in the 1930s.