Orientalism is the term used by Edward Said based on the assesments of the attitudes and perspectives of the Western scholars or Orientalists to legitimize colonial aggression by intellectually marginalized and dominated Eastern peoples (Khan, 2011: 2). Edward Said also defines the term as: “Anyone who teaches, writes about, or researches the Orient, which applies whether the person is an anthropologist, sociologist, historian, or philologist either in its specific or its general aspects, is an Orientalist, and what he or she does is Orientalism.” Actually, Said argues that imperial ideology began to be noticed by Eastern peoples. Ideological and textual formations need to switch their main subjectivity. It can be analyzed that East was marginalized by the Western world in literature, politics, social and economic life. Eastern people first were colonized, then remembered as being “Other” with Orientalism in the Western form. In Orientalism, Said has mentioned some examples of orientalism that are seen in the studies of European scholars, philosophers, political theorists, poets, historians, travel writers and others (Said, 1979).

Linklater’s critical project aims at reconstructing cosmopolitanism, drawing not from some abstract or utopian moral principles but from non-instrumental action and ideal speech. The correct answer is C.

Positivist epistemology is supported by the claims of a neutral, non-normative, and value-free production of knowledge. The correct answer is A.

Radical feminism primarily aims to formulate new ways of understanding the relationship between men and women; and believes that it is the male-dominated hierarchy (or patriarchy) that is responsible for the oppressed status of women today. Therefore, it believes in “going to the root” or the source. The correct answer is D.

Robert Young writes that colonialism “involved an extraordinary range of different forms and practices carried out with respect to radically different cultures, over many centuries,” and lists examples including (1) settler colonies such as British North America and Australia, and French Algeria; (2) administered territories established without significant settlement for the purposes of economic exploitation, such as British India and Japanese Taiwan; and (3) maritime enclaves, such as Hong Kong, Malta, and Singapore (Young, 2001: 17). The correct answer is D.

Freidan’s term “feminine mystique” symbolizes the societal belief that women could find contentment and gratification in domestic sphere through attitudes such as housework, marriage and raising children, and that they have no desire in having education, career or political rights. Therefore the correct answer is B.

The Institute for Social Research (Institut für Sozialforschung) was the creation of Felix Weil, who was able to use money from his father’s grain business to finance the Institute. The correct answer is E.

There are also other sorts of crucial security threats to the life of individuals. Many threats to individual security include environmental degradation, socio-economic problems, ethnic conflict, disease, poverty, political repression, human rights violations and organized crime rather than military powers of other states (Booth, 1991: 318). 

Green theorists argue that the greed of states is the main source of environmental problems. As states act according to the relative gains perspective, they are more eager to solve environmental problems that concern their country most, but are reluctant about the solution of problems concerning common goods (e.g. water, air, oceans). 

First generation of critical theorists were Max Horkheimer (1895-1973), Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse, Walter Benjamin, Friedrich Pollock, Leo Lowenthal, and Eric Fromm. In the 1970s, a second generation began with Jürgen Habermas. The correct answer is C.

As a point of departure, liberal feminism explores the personal interactions of men and women in order to find ways in which societies are transformed into a more “gender-equitable” places. Liberal feminism rejects the claim that the inclusion of women in the power structure of international society would change the nature of IR. The correct answer is D.

Twenty years after the Stockholm Conference, Rio Earth Summit gathered in 1992 with a huge attendance from all over the World.

Feminist IR approaches are also categorized, based on epistemology. analytical feminism which formulates “gender” as a “theoretical category” whilst exploring the hidden “gender bias” of main IR concepts and whilst discussing the structural aspects of relations. The correct answer is A.

Shallow environmentalism is a term which is used for describing the environmentalists who assume that environmental issues can be solved within the existing system.

The main reason of defining them as ‘critical’ is connected to their critiques to traditional security conception’s main assumptions on the meaning of security and subsequent practices of it. With the contributions of post-positivist approaches, epistemological and ontological assumptions of traditional security conception are subject to intensive critiques. In general terms, critical security studies represent the aggregate amount of different critical perspectives on security.