The second generation of Islamic movement has developed over two main channels. The first one is the movements following important religious leaders such as Said Nursi and Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan coming from the traditional Islamic education system. The second one was developed through intellectuals such as Necip Fazıl Kısakürek and Nurettin Topçu who grew up in the secular education system of the Republican period and mastered Western literature rather than Islamic literature.

The correct answer is D.